á¹Ç¤Ô´à¤Ã×Í¢èÒ·ҧÊѧ¤Á (Social Network Concept) ÁվѲ¹Ò¡ÒÃÁÒ¨Ò¡¾×é¹°Ò¹¢Í§·ÄɮաÒÃáÅ¡à»ÅÕè¹ (Exchange Theory) â´ÂÁչѡ¤Ô´¤¹ÊÓ¤Ñ ¤×Í Richard Emerson «Ö觵èÍÂÍ´¤ÇÒÁ¤Ô´ÁÒ¨Ò¡ George C. Homans â´ÂÁÕ°Ò¹¤µÔ (Assumption) ¤×Í ã¹à¤Ã×Í¢èÒÂÊѧ¤Á ¨Ð»ÃСͺ仴éǺؤ¤ÅËÃ×͵ÑÇáÊ´§ (Actor) ·ÕèÁÕ¤ÇÒÁÊÑÁ¾Ñ¹¸ì (Relation) «Ö觡ѹáÅСѹµÒÁº·ºÒ·ËÃ×Í˹éÒ·Õè·ÕèáµèÅФ¹ËÃ×ͤÙè¤ÇÒÁÊÑÁ¾Ñ¹¸ìÁÕÍÂÙè «Öè§áµèÅФ¹¹Ñé¹ÁÔä´éÁÕà¾Õ§º·ºÒ·à´ÕÂÇ ËÒ¡áµèÁÕËÅÒº·ºÒ··Õè¨ÐµéͧÊÇÁ㹪ÕÇÔµ»ÃШÓÇѹ ¤ÇÒÁÊÑÁ¾Ñ¹¸ìÃÐËÇèÒ§ºØ¤¤Åã¹à¤Ã×Í¢èÒÂÊѧ¤Á ºÒ§¤ÃÑé§ÍÒ¨à»ç¹ä»µÒÁ·Äɮբͧ¡ÒÃáÅ¡à»ÅÕè¹ à¾ÃÒкؤ¤ÅäÁèà¾Õ§áµè·ÓµÒÁº·ºÒ·Ë¹éÒ·Õè·Õè¤Ò´ËÇѧã¹Êѧ¤Á ËÃ×͵ÒÁºÃ÷Ѵ°Ò¹·Õèä´éÃѺ¡ÒöèÒ·ʹÁÒà·èÒ¹Ñé¹ áµè¤ÇÒÁÊÑÁ¾Ñ¹¸ìÃÐËÇèÒ§ºØ¤¤ÅÂѧ¢Öé¹ÍÂÙ躹¾×é¹°Ò¹¢Í§¡ÒÃÃѺÃÙéáÅСÒõѴÊÔ¹ã¨ã¹¡ÒÃáÅ¡à»ÅÕ蹫Ö觡ѹáÅСѹÃÐËÇèÒ§¤Ùè¤ÇÒÁÊÑÁ¾Ñ¹¸ì ·Ñé§ã¹´éÒ¹Çѵ¶ØáÅзҧ´éÒ¹¨Ôµã¨ 㹻Ѩ¨ØºÑ¹Ê¶Ò¹ÀҾͧ¤ì¤ÇÒÁÃÙé¢Í§á¹Ç¤Ô´¹Õéä´é¶Ù¡ãªé㹡ÒÃÈÖ¡ÉÒÇÔ¨ÑÂà¡ÕèÂǡѺ¡ÒÃÇÔà¤ÃÒÐËìà¤Ã×Í¢èÒ·ҧÊѧ¤Á (Social Network Analysis) ¡ÒÃÊÃéÒ§µÑǵ¹¢Í§à¤Ã×Í¢èÒ¡ÒÃáÅ¡à»ÅÕè¹àªÔ§ºÙóҡÒà (Integrated Exchange Forming) ÃÇÁ件֧¡ÒÃÈÖ¡ÉÒÍÓ¹Ò¨áÅСÒþÖè§¾Ò (Power and Dependence) ÀÒÂã¹à¤Ã×Í¢èÒÂ
.....º·¹Ó (Introduction)
àÃÒ¤§»¯ÔàʸäÁèä´éÇèÒã¹ÊÒ¢ÒÇÔªÒÊѧ¤ÁÇÔ·ÂÒ (Sociology) ÁÕá¹Ç¤Ô´áÅзÄɮըӹǹÁÒ¡·Õè¶Ù¡ÊÃéÒ§¢Öé¹à¾×èÍãªé㹡ÒÃÈÖ¡ÉÒáÅÐÇÔà¤ÃÒÐËìÊѧ¤Á ºÒ§·ÄÉ®ÕàµÔºâµáÅоѲ¹ÒÁÒà»ç¹·ÄɮաÃÐáÊËÅÑ¡ (Main Stream Theory) ·Õèà»ç¹¡Ãͺ¤Ô´Íѹ·Ã§ÍÔ·¸Ô¾ÅÍÂèÒ§ÂÒǹҹËÅÒ·ÈÇÃÃÉ Íѹä´éá¡è ·ÄÉ®Õâ¤Ã§ÊÃéҧ˹éÒ·Õè (Structural Functional Theory) ºÒ§·Äɮաè͵ÑǨҡá¹Ç¤Ô´·ÕèµÃ§¡Ñ¹¢éÒÁ¡Ñº·ÄÉ®ÕÍ×è¹ àªè¹ ·ÄɮդÇÒÁ¢Ñ´áÂé§ (Conflict Theory) ºÒ§·ÄÉ®Õà¡Ô´¨Ò¡¤ÇÒÁ¾ÂÒÂÒÁ㹡ÒÃàµÔÁàµçÁªèͧÇèÒ§¢Í§·ÄÉ®ÕÍ×è¹ àªè¹ ·ÄɮաÒÃáÅ¡à»ÅÕè¹ (Exchange Theory) áÅзÄɮջ¯ÔÊÑÁ¾Ñ¹¸ìàªÔ§ÊÑÅѡɳì (Symbolic Interaction Theory) ºÒ§·ÄÉ®ÕàµÔºâµ¨Ò¡¡ÒÃÇÔ¾Ò¡Éì (Critique) ·ÄɮաÃÐáÊËÅÑ¡ ·ÓãËéà¡Ô´à»ç¹·ÄɮշҧàÅ×Í¡ (Alternative Theory) àªè¹ ·ÄɮջÃÒ¡¯¡ÒóìÇÔ·ÂÒ (Phenomenology) áÅСÅØèÁ·ÄÉ®ÕÇÔ¾Ò¡Éì (Critical Theories) à»ç¹µé¹ÇèÒ á¹Ç¤Ô´ÍصÊÒË¡ÃÃÁÇѲ¹¸ÃÃÁ (Culture Industry) ¢Í§Êӹѡá¿Ã§¤ìà¿ÔÃìµ (Frankfurt School) á¹Ç¤Ô´ËÅѧâ¤Ã§ÊÃéÒ§¹ÔÂÁ (Post-Structuralism) â´Â¡ÒùӢͧ Roland Barthes »ÃѪҡÒÃÃ×éÍÊÃéÒ§ (Deconstruction) ¢Í§ Jacques Derrida µÅÍ´¨¹á¹Ç¤Ô´¢Í§¡ÅØèÁ»ÑÒª¹á¹ÇËÅѧ·Ñ¹ÊÁÑ (Postmodern) ·Õ軯Ôàʸ¡ÒäÃͺ§Ó¢Í§á¹Ç¤Ô´ËÅÑ¡ àªè¹ ¡Òû¯Ôàʸá¹Ç¤Ô´áºº·ÇÔÅѡɳì (Anti-Dualism) ¢Í§ Michel Foucault ËÃ×Í¡ÒÃàÃÕ¡ÃéͧãËéãªéÇÒ·¡ÃÃÁàÅç¡ (Little Narrative) à»ç¹ÂØ·¸ÇԸյͺâµéÇÒ·¡ÃÃÁËÅÑ¡ (Grand Narrative) ·Õè¤Ãͺ§ÓÊѧ¤Á ¢Í§ Jean Francois Lyotard áÅСÒÃÇÔ¾Ò¡ÉìÊ×èÍ㹰ҹмÙéÊÃéÒ§ ÀÒ¾àÊÁ×͹¨ÃÔ§ (Simulacra) ·ÕèàËÁ×͹¨ÃÔ§ÁÒ¡ (Hyper Reality) ¢Í§ Jean Baudrillard ËÃ×ÍáÁéáµè¡ÒÃÊÃéÒ§µÓá˹觡Ö觡ÅÒ§ÃÐËÇèÒ§â¤Ã§ÊÃéÒ§ (Structure) ¡Ñº¼Ùé¡ÃзӡÒà (Agency) â´Âá¹Ç¤Ô´ Structuration Theory ¢Í§ Anthony Giddens ¢³Ðà´ÕÂǡѹ¡çÁչѡ·ÄɮշÕèµÍºâµéá¹Ç¤Ô´ËÅѧÊÁÑÂãËÁè (Postmodernism) ÇèÒàÃÒÊÒÁÒöÊÃéÒ§·ÄÉ®ÕÊÒ¡Åà¡ÕèÂǡѺâÅ¡·Ò§Êѧ¤Áä´é ªèÇÂãËéàÃÒÊÒÁÒö¡Ó˹´ÃٻẺ¢Í§âÅ¡ä´éÁÒ¡áÅдÕÂÔ觢Öé¹ àªè¹ Jurgen Habermas ·Õè¹ÓàʹÍá¹Ç¤Ô´»ÃЪҸԻäµÂáÅо×é¹·ÕèÊÒ¸ÒóР(Democracy and the Public Sphere), Ulrich Back ·ÕèàʹÍá¹Ç¤Ô´Êѧ¤ÁáË觤ÇÒÁàÊÕè§ (Risk Society), Manuel Castell ¡Ñºá¹Ç¤Ô´àÈÃÉ°¡Ô¨à¤Ã×Í¢èÒ (Network Economy) ÃÇÁ件֧ Anthony Giddens ¡Ñºá¹Ç¤Ô´¡ÒÃã¤Ãè¤ÃÇ/Êзé͹¤Ô´·Ò§Êѧ¤Á (Social Reflexivity) à¾×è͹Óä»ãªéã¹ÇÔ¶ÕªÕÇÔµ¢Í§¾Ç¡àÃÒ
ÊÒà˵طÕè·ÄɮշҧÊѧ¤ÁÇÔ·ÂÒ·ÕèÁÕ¤ÇÒÁËÅÒ¡ËÅÒ´ѧ¡ÅèÒÇ ÍÒ¨à»ç¹¼ÅÁÒ¨Ò¡¤ÇÒÁᵡµèÒ§¡Ñ¹¢Í§°Ò¹¤µÔ (Assumption) áÅкÃÔº· (Context) áÇ´ÅéÍÁ¢Í§¡ÒáèÍ¡Óà¹Ô´á¹Ç¤Ô´·ÄɮչÑé¹æ ÃÇÁ件֧¡ÒÃà¡Ô´¢Öé¹ ´ÓçÍÂÙè áÅÐà»ÅÕè¹á»Å§¢Í§ºÃôҷÄÉ®Õ Åéǹáµèà¡Ô´¨Ò¡ÇÔÇѲ¹Ò¡Ò÷ҧ¤ÇÒÁ¤Ô´·ÕèáÊ´§º·ºÒ·ÍÍ¡ÁÒã¹ËÅÒÂÃٻẺ â´Â੾ÒÐÍÂèÒ§ÂÔ觡Òö¡à¶Õ§ (Argument) áÅÐáÊ´§¢éÍâµéáÂé§ (Debate) 㹨شÂ×¹¢Í§µ¹µèÍ·ÄÉ®ÕÍ×è¹ ÃÇÁ¶Ö§¤ÇÒÁ¾ÂÒÂÒÁ㹡ÒÃàµÔÁàµçÁ (Fill-Full) ªèͧÇèÒ§ËÃ×ÍÍØ´¨Ø´Íè͹¢Í§·ÄÉ®ÕÍ×è¹æ «Ö觺ҧ¤¹ÍÒ¨ÁͧÇèÒà»ç¹ÊÔ觷Õè¡èÍãËéà¡Ô´¤ÇÒÁÊѺʹÇØè¹ÇÒÂã¹áǴǧÊѧ¤ÁÇÔ·ÂÒ áµè¼Ùéà¢Õ¹¡ÅѺËÒ¤Ô´àªè¹¹Ñé¹äÁè à¾ÃÒмÙéà¢Õ¹¤Ô´ÇèÒ¡Òö¡à¶Õ§ ËÃ×ÍâµéáÂ駵èÒ§æ º¹¾×é¹°Ò¹¢Í§ËÅÑ¡à˵ؼŠáÅСÒÃÅéÁÅéÒ§¤ÇÒÁ¤Ô´à¡èÒ´éǤÇÒÁ¤Ô´ãËÁè·Õè´Õ¡ÇèÒ ÂèÍÁà»ç¹Ë¹·Ò§ÊÃéÒ§ÊÃäìÊѧ¤ÁãËéà¨Ãԧ͡§ÒÁÁÒ¡ÂÔ觢Öé¹ ´Ñ§àªè¹µÑÇÍÂèÒ§¢Í§¡ÒáèÍÃèÒ§ÊÃéÒ§µÑǵ¹¢Í§á¹Ç¤Ô´·Ò§Êѧ¤ÁÇÔ·ÂÒ˹Öè§ «Öè§à»ç¹á¹Ç¤Ô´·ÕèªèÇÂàµÔÁàµçÁá¹Ç¤Ô´áÅзÄÉ®Õà´ÔÁãËéÁÕ¤ÇÒÁÊÁºÙóìÁÒ¡ÂÔ觢Öé¹ ¹Ñ蹤×Í á¹Ç¤Ô´à¤Ã×Í¢èÒ·ҧÊѧ¤Á (Social Network)
º·¤ÇÒÁ¹Õé à»ç¹¡ÒùÓàʹÍʶҹÀҾͧ¤ì¤ÇÒÁÃÙé (State of Knowledge) ¢Í§á¹Ç¤Ô´à¤Ã×Í¢èÒ·ҧÊѧ¤Á â´Âáºè§¡ÒùÓàʹÍà»ç¹ 4 Êèǹ »ÃСͺ´éÇ ¾Ñ²¹Ò¡Òâͧá¹Ç¤Ô´ ÊÒÃÐÊѧࢻÇèÒ´éÇÂá¹Ç¤Ô´à¤Ã×Í¢èÒ·ҧÊѧ¤Á »ÃÐ⪹ì¡ÒÃãªé§Ò¹ áÅеÑÇÍÂèÒ§¡ÒûÃÐÂØ¡µìãªéá¹Ç¤Ô´ã¹¡ÒÃÈÖ¡ÉÒÇԨѠ«Öè§ÁÕÃÒÂÅÐàÍÕ´ ´Ñ§¹Õé
1. ¾Ñ²¹Ò¡Òâͧá¹Ç¤Ô´ (Concept Developing)
ÃÒ¡°Ò¹¢Í§á¹Ç¤Ô´ (Concept Root)
¡ÅèÒÇä´éÇèÒÃÒ¡°Ò¹¢Í§á¹Ç¤Ô´à¤Ã×Í¢èÒ·ҧÊѧ¤Á ÁÕ·ÕèÁÒÁÒ¨Ò¡·ÄɮաÒÃáÅ¡à»ÅÕè¹ (Exchange Theory) Íѹ¶×Íà»ç¹·ÄɯÕÁËÀÒ¤ (Macro Theory) áÅÐà¡èÒá¡è·ÄÉ®Õ˹Ö觢ͧÊѧ¤ÁÇÔ·ÂÒ «Ö觹Óä»ãªéä´é㹡ÒÃÈÖ¡ÉÒ¤ÇÒÁÊÑÁ¾Ñ¹¸ì·Ò§Êѧ¤ÁµÑé§áµèÃдѺ¨ØÅÀÒ¤/»Ñ¨à¨¡ºØ¤¤Å (Micro Level - Individual) 仨¹¶Ö§ÃдѺÁËÀÒ¤/Êѧ¤Á (Macro Level - Society) â´ÂÁÕáËÅ觡Óà¹Ô´¢Í§·Äɮըҡ 3 áËÅè§ ¤×Í àÈÃÉ°ÈÒʵÃìàªÔ§ÍÃö»ÃÐ⪹ì¹ÔÂÁ (Utilitarian Economics) ÁÒ¹ØÉÂÇÔ·ÂÒàªÔ§Ë¹éÒ·Õè (Functional Anthropology) áÅШԵÇÔ·ÂÒàªÔ§¾ÄµÔ¡ÃÃÁ (Behavioral Psychology) (ÊÑÒ ÊÑÒÇÔÇѲ¹ì, 2550 : 115-116) «Öè§ã¹·Õè¹Õé¢Í¹ÓàʹÍËÅÑ¡¡Òâͧ·ÄɮաÒÃáÅ¡àÅÕè¹ â´ÂÊѧࢻ ´Ñ§¹Õé
·ÄɮաÒÃáÅ¡à»ÅÕè¹ (Exchange Theory) ËÃ×ÍÍÒ¨àÃÕ¡ã¹àªÔ§¡ÒÃÈÖ¡ÉÒ¹âºÒ (Policy Approach) ÇèÒ·ÄɮշҧàÅ×Í¡·ÕèÁÕà˵ؼŠ(Rational Choice Theory) »ÃСͺ¢Öé¹´éǤÇÒÁ¾ÂÒÂÒÁ·Õè¨Ð»ÃÐÂØ¡µìËÅÑ¡¡ÒõÒÁá¹Ç¾ÄµÔ¡ÃÃÁ¹ÔÂÁ (Behaviorism) 㹡ÒÃÈÖ¡ÉÒ»ÃÒ¡¯¡Òóì·Ò§Êѧ¤ÁÇÔ·ÂÒ (ÊØà·¾ Êع·ÃàÀÊѪ, 2540 : 250) â´ÂÁÕ°Ò¹¤µÔ (Assumption) ·ÕèÇèÒ¡ÒáÃзÓÃÐËÇèÒ§¡Ñ¹¢Í§ºØ¤¤Å¨Ð¡ÃзÓâ´ÂÍÒÈÑ¡ÒÃâµéµÍº «Ö觾ԨÒóҨҡÃÒ§ÇÑÅ (Reward) ¡Ñº¡ÒÃŧâ·É (Punishment) ËÃ×ͤÇÒÁ¾Í㨠(Satisfactory) ¡Ñº¤ÇÒÁäÁè¾Í㨠(Unsatisfactory) «Öè§à»ç¹¡ÒÃáÅ¡à»ÅÕ蹡ÒáÃзÓÃÐËÇèÒ§¡Ñ¹ µÅÍ´¨¹¡ÒþԨÒóҨҡ¡Ò÷Õèä´éÃѺ¤ÇÒÁ¾Ö§¾Íã¨ÊÙ§ÊØ´ (¡ÓäÃ) àÁ×èÍä´éŧÁ×Í¡ÃзÓä»áÅéÇ (ŧ·Ø¹) áÅФԴÇèÒ¡ÒáÃзÓËÃ×Í¡Òõͺ᷹¨Ò¡¼ÙéÍ×è¹ ·ÓãËé¼Ùé¡ÃзÓÁÕ¤ÇÒÁ¾Íã¨à»ç¹ÍÂèÒ§ÁÒ¡
¹Í¡¨Ò¡¹Õé ã¹ÁØÁÁͧ¢Í§·ÄɮաÒÃáÅ¡à»ÅÕè¹ ÃÐàºÕºÊѧ¤Á (Social Order) ¶×Íà»ç¹¼ÅÅѾ¸ì·ÕèäÁèä´éÇҧἹ (Unplanned Output) ¢Í§¡ÒÃáÅ¡à»ÅÕè¹ÃÐËÇèÒ§ÊÁÒªÔ¡¢Í§Êѧ¤Á (Exchange theories view social order as the unplanned outcome of acts of exchange between members of society) (¤é¹¨Ò¡ http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O88-exchangetheory.html àÁ×èÍÇѹ·Õè 2 ¡Ñ¹ÂÒ¹ 2551)
ÊÑÒ ÊÑÒÇÔÇѲ¹ì (2550 : 128) ä´éáºè§»ÃÐàÀ·¢Í§·ÄÉ®ÕáÅ¡à»ÅÕè¹à»ç¹ 2 »ÃÐàÀ· ¤×Í (1) ·ÄɮաÒÃáÅ¡à»ÅÕè¹ÃдѺºØ¤¤Å (Individualistic Exchange Theory) ËÃ×Í·ÄɮաÒÃáÅ¡à»ÅÕè¹àªÔ§¾ÄµÔ¡ÃÃÁ (Behavioral Exchange Theory) «Ö觾Ѳ¹ÒÁÒ¨Ò¡·ÄɮըԵÇÔ·ÂÒàªÔ§¾ÄµÔ¡ÃÃÁ (Behavioral Psychology) áÅÐ (2) ·ÄɮաÒÃáÅ¡à»ÅÕè¹àªÔ§ºÙóҡÒà (Integration Exchange Theory) ËÃ×Í·ÄɮաÒÃáÅ¡à»ÅÕè¹àªÔ§â¤Ã§ÊÃéÒ§ (Exchange Structuralism Theory) «Ö觾Ѳ¹Ò¨Ò¡·ÄÉ®ÕÁÒ¹ØÉÂÇÔ·ÂÒàªÔ§Ë¹éÒ·Õè (Functional Anthropology) «Ö觨СÅèÒÇã¹ÃÒÂÅÐàÍÕ´µèÍä»
·ÄɮաÒÃáÅ¡à»ÅÕè¹ÃдѺºØ¤¤Å¢Í§ Homans (Individualistic Exchange Theory of George C. Homans)
George C. Homans (1967 ÍéÒ§¶Ö§ã¹ George Ritzer, 1992 : 291-294) ¶×Íà»ç¹»°Á¤Ô´¢Í§·ÄɮաÒÃáÅ¡à»ÅÕè¹ à¢Òä´éÃѺÍÔ·¸Ô¾Å·Ò§¤ÇÒÁ¤Ô´¨Ò¡·ÄɮըԵÇÔ·ÂÒàªÔ§¾ÄµÔ¡ÃÃÁ (Behavioral Psychology) ¢Í§ B.F. Skinner â´Âà¢Òä´éàʹÍá¹Ç¤Ô´ÊÓ¤Ñ ¤×Í ¡Ãкǹ¡Òâͧ¡ÒÃàÊÃÔÁáç (Process of Reinforcement) 㹡ÒÃ͸ԺÒ»¯ÔÊÑÁ¾Ñ¹¸ì¢Í§Á¹ØÉÂì â´ÂàʹÍÇèҾĵԡÃÃÁ¢Í§Á¹ØÉÂìà»ç¹àÃ×èͧ¢Í§¡ÒÃÁÕ»¯ÔÊÑÁ¾Ñ¹¸ì (Interaction) ÃÐËÇèÒ§¡Ñ¹ ¡Ò÷ÕèºØ¤¤Å¤¹Ë¹Ö觨ÐáÊ´§¾ÄµÔ¡ÃÃÁÍÂèҧ㴠ÂèÍÁÁÕà˵ؼÅÁÒ¨Ò¡ÃÒ§ÇÑÅ (Reward) ËÃ×Í ¡ÒÃŧâ·É (Punish) «Öè§à»ç¹¡ÒÃàÊÃÔÁáç·Ò§ºÇ¡ (Positive Reinforcement) áÅзҧź (Negative Reinforcement) µÒÁÅӴѺ ÊÔ觷Õè Homans ãªéà»ç¹µÑǪÕéÇÑ´à¾×èÍʹѺʹعá¹Ç¤Ô´´Ñ§¡ÅèÒÇ ¤×Í »ÃÔÁÒ³¢Í§¡ÒáÃÐ·Ó (Quantity of Activity) áÅÐÃдѺ¢Í§¤Ø³¤èҢͧ¡ÒáÃÐ·Ó (Value of Activity) ¡Ò÷ÕèºØ¤¤Å¨ÐàÅ×Í¡¡ÃзӡÒÃÍÂèÒ§ã´ÍÂèҧ˹Öè§ã¹àªÔ§»ÃÔÁÒ³ Homans ãªéËÅÑ¡àÈÃÉ°ÈÒʵÃì (Principle of Economics) ͸ԺÒÂÇèÒÁ¹ØÉÂì¨ÐàÅ×͡˹·Ò§·ÕèãËé¼Å¡Óäà (Benefit) ÊÙ§ÊØ´ ã¹¢³Ð·ÕèÃдѺ¤Ø³¤èÒ¹Ñé¹ Homans ãªéËÅÑ¡Íػʧ¤ì-ÍØ»·Ò¹ (Principle of Demand and Supply) ÁÒàª×èÍÁ⧡Ѻá¹Ç¤Ô´·Ò§¨ÔµÇÔ·ÂҾĵԡÃÃÁ ¤×Í ¤ÇÒÁ¾Íà¾Õ§ (Satisfaction) áÅФÇÒÁ¢Ò´á¤Å¹ (Deprivation)
㹼ŧҹª×èÍ Social Behaviors : Its Elementary Forms (1964) Homans ä´é¹ÓàʹͻÃо¨¹ìÃдѺÊÙ§ (Higher Proposition) à¾×èÍà»ç¹¢éÍàʹͧ͢·ÄɮաÒÃáÅ¡à»ÅÕè¹ «Öè§ÍÒÈѤÇÒÁ¤Ô´¾×é¹°Ò¹·Ò§¨ÔµÇÔ·ÂÒàªÔ§¾ÄµÔ¡ÃÃÁ (Behavioral Psychology) ¢Í§ B.F. Skinner ¨Ó¹Ç¹ 5 ¢éÍàÊ¹Í »ÃСͺ´éÇ (1) ¢éÍàʹʹéÒ¹¤ÇÒÁÊÓàÃç¨ (Success Proposition) (2) ¢éÍàʹʹéÒ¹µÑÇ¡ÃеØé¹ (Stimulus Proposition) (3) ¢éÍàʹʹéÒ¹¤Ø³¤èÒ (Value Proposition) (4) ¢éÍàʹʹéÒ¹¡ÒÃÊÙàÊÕ¤ÇÒÁ¾Ö§¾Í㨠(Deprivation-Satiation Proposition) áÅÐ (5) ¢éÍàʹʹéÒ¹¡ÒáéÒÇÃéÒÇ-ÂÍÁÃѺ (Aggression-Approval Proposition) (¤é¹¨Ò¡http://www.sociosite.net/topics/ texts/homans.php àÁ×èÍÇѹ·Õè 2 ¡Ñ¹ÂÒ¹ 2551) «Ö觨ҡ¢éÍàʹʹѧ¡ÅèÒÇ ÂÔè§Êзé͹ãËéàËç¹ä´éÇèÒ Homans ¹Ñé¹à¹é¹·Õè¾ÄµÔ¡ÃÃÁ¡ÒáÃзӢͧ»Ñ¨à¨¡ã¹°Ò¹Ð¤ÙèáÅ¡à»ÅÕè¹ (Exchange Dyadic)
ÍÂèÒ§äáçµÒÁ á¹Ç¤Ô´´Ñ§¡ÅèÒÇ¡çä´éÃѺ¡ÒÃÇÔ¾Ò¡ÉìÇÔ¨Òóì¾ÍÊÁ¤Çèҡ Talcott Parsons ÇèÒ ¢Ò´¤ÇÒÁªÑ´à¨¹ã¹à¡ÕèÂǡѺ¾ÄµÔ¡ÃÃÁ¢Í§Á¹ØÉÂì¡ÑºÊѵÇìªÑé¹µèÓ ·Õè¹ÓÁÒ·Ó¡Ò÷´Åͧà¾×èÍÈÖ¡ÉҾĵԡÃÃÁ ÃÇÁ¶Ö§âµéáÂé§ÇèÒËÅÑ¡¡Ò÷ҧ¨ÔµÇÔ·ÂÒäÁèÊÒÁÒö͸ԺÒ¢éÍà·ç¨¨ÃÔ§·Ò§Êѧ¤Áä´é (George Ritzer, 1992 : 298) ÃÇÁ¶Ö§¢éÍÇÔ¨Òóì¢Í§ Peter P. Ekeh ã¹»ÃÐà´ç¹¢Í§¤ÇÒÁ¤Ñºá¤º¢Í§·Äɮբͧ Homans ·ÕèÁͧà¾Õ§¡ÒÃáÅ¡à»ÅÕè¹ÃдѺºØ¤Åà¾Õ§Êͧ¤¹ (Dyadic Exchange) áµè¡ÅѺÅÐàÅÂäÁèãËé¤ÇÒÁÊӤѵèÍ»·Ñʶҹ (Norms) áÅФèÒ¹ÔÂÁ (Values) 㹡ÒÃËÅèÍËÅÍÁàªÔ§ÊÑÅѡɳìãËéà¡Ô´¤ÇÒÁÊÑÁ¾Ñ¹¸ì·Ò§´éÒ¹¡ÒÃáÅ¡à»ÅÕè¹µèÒ§æ (Peter P. Ekeh, 1974 ÍéÒ§¶Ö§ã¹ ÊØà·¾ Êع·ÃàÀÊѪ, 2540 : 266) ¹Í¡¨Ò¡¹Õé Ronald W. Toseland áÅÐ Robert F. Rivas ÂѧÁͧÇèÒ·ÄɮչÕéÁÕ¤ÇÒÁà»ç¹¡Åä¡ (Mechanic) ÁÒ¡¨¹à¡Ô¹ä» à¾ÃÒÐÊѹ¹ÔÉ°Ò¹ÇèÒ¤¹àÃÒ¨Ðãªéà˵ؼÅ㹡ÒÃÇÔà¤ÃÒÐËìÃÒ§ÇÑÅ·Õè¨Ðä´éÁÒ áÅÐÊÔ觷Õè¨ÐàÊÕÂä»ËÃ×Ͷ١ŧâ·É ¡è͹¨Ð·Ó¡ÒÃã´ã´àÊÁÍ «Öè§Íѹ·Õè¨ÃÔ§áÅéÇ¡Ãкǹ¡ÒäԴ¨ÐÁÕÍÔ·¸Ô¾Å㹡ÒáÓ˹´¾ÄµÔ¡ÃÃÁ¢Í§¤¹àÃÒÁÒ¡¡ÇèÒ (Toseland and Rivas, 2001 : 66-67 ÍéÒ§¶Ö§ã¹ ¨ÔÃÒÅÑ¡É³ì ¨§Ê¶ÔµÁÑè¹, 2549 : 111) ¨Ò¡¢éÍ´éÍ·ҧ·Äɮմѧ¡ÅèÒÇ ¨Ö§Áչѡ¤Ô´·Õè¹Óá¹Ç¤Ô´¢Í§ Homans ÁҾѲ¹ÒÊÙè¡ÒÃÇÔà¤ÃÒÐËìâ¤Ã§ÊÃéÒ§·ÕèÁÕ¤ÇÒÁ«Ñº«é͹ÁÒ¡¢Öé¹ àªè¹ â¤Ã§ÊÃéÒ§¢Í§¡ÅØèÁ ËÃ×ÍÊѧ¤Á ã¹ÃٻẺ¢Í§¡ÒúÙóҡÒà (Integration) «Ö觹Óâ´Â¹Ñ¡¤Ô´¤¹ÊÓ¤ÑÍÂèÒ§ Peter M. Blau
¨Ø´à»ÅÕè¹áÅТéÍâµéáÂé§ : ·ÄÉ®ÕáÅ¡à»ÅÕè¹àªÔ§ºÙóҡÒà (Turning Point & Debate : Integration Exchange Theory)
Peter M. Blau (1964 ÍéÒ§¶Ö§ã¹ George Ritzer, 1992 : 299-300) à»ç¹¹Ñ¡·ÄÉ®ÕáÅ¡à»ÅÕè¹ÍÕ¡¤¹Ë¹Ö觷ÕèãËé¤ÇÒÁÊӤѵèÍ¡ÒÃ͸ԺÒ¾ĵԡÃÃÁ¢Í§»Ñ¨à¨¡ºØ¤¤Åã¹á§èÁØÁ¢Í§Êѧ¤Á ã¹àªÔ§»¯ÔÊÑÁ¾Ñ¹¸ì·Õèã¡ÅéªÔ´ (Face to Face Interaction) áµèà¢Òä´é¾Ñ²¹ÒµèÍÂÍ´·Äɮբͧ Homans â´Â¢ÂÒ¢ͺࢵãËé¡ÇéÒ§¢ÇÒ§ÁÒ¡ÂÔ觢Öé¹ â´Â¡ÒüÊÁ¼ÊÒ¹·ÄɮվĵԡÃÃÁ·Ò§Êѧ¤Á (Social Behavioral Theory) à¢éҡѺ·ÄɮբéÍà·ç¨¨ÃÔ§·Ò§Êѧ¤Á (Social Fact Theory) à¾×èÍ·Ó¤ÇÒÁà¢éÒã¨à¡ÕèÂǡѺâ¤Ã§ÊÃéÒ§Êѧ¤Áº¹¾×é¹°Ò¹¢Í§¡ÒÃÇÔà¤ÃÒÐËì¡Ãкǹ¡Ò÷ҧÊѧ¤Á (Social Process Analysis) ·Õè¤Çº¤ØÁ¤ÇÒÁÊÑÁ¾Ñ¹¸ìÃÐËÇèÒ§»Ñ¨à¨¡ºØ¤¤ÅáÅСÅØèÁµèÒ§æ
¨Ø´Ê¹ã¨¢Í§ Blau ÍÂÙè·Õè¡Ãкǹ¡ÒÃáÅ¡à»ÅÕè¹ (Process of Exchange) «Öè§à»ç¹ÊÔ觪Õé¹Ó¾ÄµÔ¡ÃÃÁ¢Í§Á¹ØÉÂìáÅÐà»ç¹¾×é¹°Ò¹¢Í§¤ÇÒÁÊÑÁ¾Ñ¹¸ìµèÒ§æ ÃÐËÇèÒ§»Ñ¨à¨¡ºØ¤¤ÅáÅСÅØèÁµèÒ§æ Blau ä´éàÊ¹Í 4 ¢Ñ鹵͹ ¨Ò¡¡ÒÃáÅ¡à»ÅÕè¹ÃÐËÇèÒ§ºØ¤¤Åä»ÊÙèâ¤Ã§ÊÃéÒ§Êѧ¤ÁáÅСÒÃà»ÅÕè¹á»Å§·Ò§Êѧ¤Á ä´éá¡è (George Ritzer, 1992 : 300)
¢Ñé¹·Õè 1 ¡ÒÃáÅ¡à»ÅÕè¹ÃÐËÇèÒ§ºØ¤¤Å¡èÍãËéà¡Ô´...
¢Ñé¹·Õè 2 ¤ÇÒÁᵡµèÒ§ÃÐËÇèҧʶҹÀÒ¾áÅÐÍÓ¹Ò¨«Ö觡èÍãËéà¡Ô´...
¢Ñé¹·Õè 3 ¤ÇÒÁªÍº¸ÃÃÁáÅÐͧ¤ì¡Ã«Öè§à»ç¹¡ÒÃËÇèÒ¹àÁÅ紾ת¢Í§...
¢Ñé¹·Õè 4 ¤ÇÒÁ¢Ñ´áÂé§áÅСÒÃà»ÅÕè¹á»Å§
´Ñ§¹Ñé¹ ÍÒ¨¡ÅèÒÇä´éÇèÒ¡ÒÃáÅ¡à»ÅÕè¹·Ò§Êѧ¤Áà»ç¹ÊÔ觷Õèà¡Ô´¢Ö鹨ҡ¤ÇÒÁÊÁѤÃ㨢ͧ»Ñ¨à¨¡ºØ¤¤Å·Õè¶Ù¡¨Ù§ã¨ (Motivation) ´éǼšÓäÃËÃ×ÍÃÒ§ÇÑŵͺ᷹·Õè¤Ò´ÇèÒ¨Ðä´éÃѺ¨Ò¡¼ÙéÍ×è¹ «Ö觵éͧÍÒÈѤÇÒÁÊÑÁ¾Ñ¹¸ìÃÐËÇèÒ§¡Ñ¹ ¡ÒÃáÅ¡à»ÅÕ蹼ŻÃÐ⪹ì¨Ö§à»ç¹¡Åä¡Ë¹Ö觡ÒÃÊÃéÒ§¤ÇÒÁÊÑÁ¾Ñ¹¸ì à»ç¹¡ÒþÖ觾ÒÍÒÈÑ¡èÍãËéà¡Ô´¤ÇÒÁ¼Ù¡¾Ñ¹·Õè´Õµè͡ѹ
àÁ×èÍä´é¢ÂÒ¢ͺࢵ¢Í§·Äɮըҡ¾×é¹°Ò¹·Ò§¾ÄµÔ¡ÃÃÁä»ÊÙèâ¤Ã§ÊÃéÒ§·ÕèÁÕ¤ÇÒÁ«Ñº«é͹ ´Ñ§ä´é¡ÅèÒÇÁÒã¹¢éÒ§µé¹áÅéÇ Blau ä´éªÕéãËéàËç¹ÇèÒ·ÄɮվĵԡÃÃÁ·Ò§Êѧ¤ÁäÁèÊÒÁÒöÇÔà¤ÃÒÐËìÊѧ¤Á·ÕèÁÕ¤ÇÒÁ«Ñº«é͹ä´é áµèµéͧ¼ÊÁ¼ÊÒ¹¢éÍà·ç¨¨ÃÔ§·Ò§Êѧ¤Áà¢éÒä»ÃèÇÁ´éÇ â´Â¡Åä¡·Õèà»ç¹µÑÇàª×èÍÁ»ÃÐÊÒ¹ (Link) ÃÐËÇèÒ§â¤Ã§ÊÃéÒ§ ¤×Í »·Ñʶҹ (Norms) áÅФèÒ¹ÔÂÁ (Values) ·ÕèÁÕÍÂÙèã¹Êѧ¤Á¹Ñè¹àͧ (ÊØà·¾ Êع·ÃàÀÊѪ, 2540 : 270)
ã¹»ÃÐà´ç¹¢Í§»·Ñʶҹ (Norms) Blau ªÕéãËéàËç¹ÇèÒà»ç¹ÊÔ觷Õè·ÓãËé¡ÒÃáÅ¡à»ÅÕè¹·Ò§ÍéÍÁ (Indirect Exchange) à¢éÒä»á·¹·Õè¡ÒÃáÅ¡à»ÅÕè¹â´ÂµÃ§ (Direct Exchange) àªè¹ ¡Ò÷ÕèÊÁÒªÔ¡¢Í§¡ÅØèÁ¤¹Ë¹Öè§ (»Ñ¨à¨¡ºØ¤¤Å) ä´é»¯ÔºÑµÔµ¹µÒÁ»·Ñʶҹ¢Í§¡ÅØèÁ (Êѧ¤Á) ¨Ö§ä´éÃѺ¡ÒÃÂÍÁÃѺ¨Ò¡¡ÅØèÁÊèǹÃÇÁ㹾ĵԡÃÃÁ¹Ñé¹ ¹Ñºà»ç¹¡ÒâÂÒ¢ͺࢵ¨Ò¡¡ÒÃáÅ¡à»ÅÕè¹ÃдѺºØ¤Åä»ÊÙèÃдѺ¡ÅØèÁËÃ×ÍÊѧ¤Áâ´ÂÁÕ»·Ñʶҹà»ç¹¡Åä¡ÊÓ¤Ñ ¢³Ðà´ÕÂǡѹ¡ÒÃáÊ´§¾ÄµÔ¡ÃÃÁµÒÁ»·Ñʶҹ¢Í§Êѧ¤Á´Ñ§¡ÅèÒÇÂѧà»ç¹¡ÒÃÃÑ¡ÉÒàʶÕÂÃÀÒ¾¢Í§Êѧ¤Á¹Ñè¹àͧ
ã¹»ÃÐà´ç¹¢Í§¤èÒ¹ÔÂÁ (Values) Blau ä´é¢ÂÒ¢ͺࢵ¤ÇÒÁ¤Ô´ÊÙèÃдѺÊѧ¤Á·Õè¡ÇéÒ§¢ÇÒ§à»ç¹ÍÂèÒ§ÁÒ¡ â´Â¹Óä»ÊÙè¡ÒÃÇÔà¤ÃÒÐËì¤ÇÒÁÊÑÁ¾Ñ¹¸ìÃÐËÇèÒ§¡ÒÃÃÇÁ¡ÅØèÁµèÒ§æ ã¹·ÃÃȹТͧà¢ÒáÅéÇ ¤èÒ¹ÔÂÁ ÊÒÁÒöáºè§ä´éà»ç¹ 4 »ÃÐàÀ· ä´éá¡è (1) ¤èÒ¹ÔÂÁ੾ÒÐ (Particular Values) (2) ¤èÒ¹ÔÂÁÊÒ¡Å (Universal Values) (3) ¤èÒ¹ÔÂÁ·ÕèÊÃéÒ§¤ÇÒÁªÍº¸ÃÃÁá¡è¼ÙéÁÕÍÓ¹Ò¨ (Values of Legitimate Authority) áÅÐ (4) ¤èÒ¹ÔÂÁ¡ÒÃà»ç¹½èÒµç¢éÒÁ (Particular Values) (George Ritzer, 1992 : 303-304)
¨Ò¡¡ÒâÂÒ¢ͺࢵ¢Í§·Äɮըҡ¾×é¹°Ò¹¡ÒÃáÅ¡à»ÅÕè¹àªÔ§¾ÄµÔ¡ÃÃÁµÒÁá¹Ç¤Ô´¢Í§ Homans ä»ÊÙè¡Ò÷ӤÇÒÁà¢éÒã¨â¤Ã§ÊÃéÒ§·ÕèÁÕ¤ÇÒÁ«Ñº«é͹¢Í§ Blau «Öè§ÍÒ¨àÃÕ¡ä´éÇèÒà»ç¹¤ÇÒÁ¾ÂÒÂÒÁ㹡ÒûÃѺà»ÅÕè¹ÃÙ»ÃèÒ§¢Í§·ÄÉ®Õà¾×èÍãËéÊÍ´¤Åéͧ¡Ñº¡ÒÃÈÖ¡ÉÒ´éÒ¹¢éÍà·ç¨¨ÃÔ§·Ò§Êѧ¤Á (Social Fact) ·Õè¨Óà»ç¹µéͧä´éÃѺ¡ÒÃàÊÃÔÁáç (Reinforcement) ´éÇ·ÄÉ®ÕÃдѺÁËÀÒ¤ (Macro Theory) áÅмÙé·Õè¡éÒÇà¢éÒÁÒ·Ó˹éÒ·Õè㹡ÒÃàª×èÍÁ⧾ĵԡÃÃÁ¢Í§»Ñ¨à¨¡ºØ¤¤Å (¨ØÅÀÒ¤) ¡Ñºâ¤Ã§ÊÃéÒ§Êѧ¤Á (ÁËÀÒ¤) ã¹ÃٻẺ¢Í§¡ÒúÙóҡÒÃã¹ÃдѺ·ÕèÊÙ§¢Öé¹ áÅÐÁÕÊèǹÊÓ¤Ñ㹡ÒþѲ¹Ò·ÄɮչÕéãËéÁÕ¹ÑÂàªÔ§â¤Ã§ÊÃéÒ§ÁÒ¡ÂÔ觢Öé¹ ¹Ñ蹤×Í Richard Emerson
¡ÒÃà¤Å×è͹ÊÙè¤ÇÒÁÊÑÁ¾Ñ¹¸ìàªÔ§áÅ¡à»ÅÕè¹áÅÐà¤Ã×Í¢èÒ (Moved to Exchange Relationships and Networks)
ã¹¢³Ð·Õè George C. Homans ¾ÂÒÂÒÁ¾Ñ²¹Ò¤ÇÒÁ¤Ô´à¡ÕèÂǡѺ·ÄɮաÒÃáÅ¡à»ÅÕè¹ã¹ÃдѺ¨ØÅÀÒ¤ (Micro Level Exchange Theory) Êèǹ Peter M. Blau ä´é¢ÂÒ¢ͺࢵ¤ÇÒÁ¤Ô´ÊÙèÃдѺÁËÀÒ¤ (Macro Level) ·Õè«Ñº«é͹áÅÐËÅÒ¡ËÅÒ (Complex and Variety) ¾ÃéÍÁ·Ñé§ ¼ÊÁ¼ÊÒ¹¢éÍà·ç¨¨ÃÔ§·Ò§Êѧ¤Áà¢éÒä»´éÇ Richard Emerson ¡ÅѺÁͧËÒ˹·Ò§·Õè¨ÐÊÃéÒ§·ÄɮաÒÃáÅ¡à»ÅÕè¹ã¹ÅѡɳСÒúÙóҡÒ÷ÕèÁÒ¡¢Öé¹ â´Âà¢Òä´éãªéá¹Ç¤Ô´àÃ×èͧÍÓ¹Ò¨ (Power) ¡ÒÃãªéÍÓ¹Ò¨ áÅФÇÒÁÊÁ´ØÅàªÔ§ÍÓ¹Ò¨ÁÒ¢ÂÒ¢ͺࢵ¢Í§·ÄɮաÒÃáÅ¡à»ÅÕè¹ãËéÁÕ¹ÑÂàªÔ§â¤Ã§ÊÃéÒ§
ã¹»Õ 1972 Emerson ä´éµÕ¾ÔÁ¾ìàÃÕ§¤ÇÒÁ (Essay) ÊÓ¤Ñ 2 àÃ×èͧ «Öè§ÁÕÍÔ·¸Ô¾Åµè;Ѳ¹Ò¡Òâͧ·ÄɮաÒÃáÅ¡à»ÅÕè¹ â´Â¾Ñ²¹Ò·ÄÉ®Õã¹ÃٻẺºÙóҡÒà ã¹àÃÕ§¤ÇÒÁàÃ×èͧáá à¢Òä´éãËé¤ÇÒÁÊӤѡѺ¾×é¹°Ò¹·Ò§¨ÔµÇÔ·ÂÒÊÓËÃѺ¡ÒÃáÅ¡à»ÅÕè¹·Ò§Êѧ¤Á (Social Exchange) ã¹¼ÙéáÊ´§à´ÕèÂÇ (Single Actor) áµèÅФ¹ ÃÇÁ¶Ö§¤ÇÒÁÊÑÁ¾Ñ¹¸ìàªÔ§áÅ¡à»ÅÕ蹡ѺÊÀÒ¾áÇ´ÅéÍÁ¢Í§à¢Ò´éÇ Êèǹã¹àÃÕ§¤ÇÒÁàÃ×èͧ·ÕèÊͧ à¢Òä´é¢ÂѺ¤ÇÒÁʹã¨ÁÒÊÙè¡ÒÃÇÔà¤ÃÒÐËìÃдѺÁËÀÒ¤ (Macro Level) áÅФÇÒÁÊÑÁ¾Ñ¹¸ìàªÔ§áÅ¡à»ÅÕè¹ã¹â¤Ã§ÊÃéÒ§à¤Ã×Í¢èÒ (Network Structure) 㹼ŧҹ´Ñ§¡ÅèÒÇ Emerson ä´éàʹÍÊÒÁ»Ñ¨¨Ñ¾×鹰ҹ㹧ҹ¢Í§à¢Ò »ÃСͺ´éÇ ÍÓ¹Ò¨áÅСÒþÖè§¾Ò (Power and Dependence) ¾ÄµÔ¡ÃÃÁ¹ÔÂÁ (Behaviorism) áÅФÇÒÁÊÑÁ¾Ñ¹¸ì·Ò§Êѧ¤Á (Social Relation) «Öè§à¢Ò¶×ÍÇèһѨ¨ÑµÑÇÊØ´·éÒ¹Õé à»ç¹Ë¹èÇ¡ÒÃÇÔà¤ÃÒÐËì (Social Relations as Units of Analysis) ÊÓËÃѺ§Ò¹¢Í§à¢Ò (Emerson, 1976 : 345 ¤é¹¨Ò¡ http://www.annualreviews.org/aronline àÁ×èÍÇѹ·Õè 3 ¡Ñ¹ÂÒ¹ 2551)
ÊÓËÃѺºÃôҵÑÇáÊ´§ (Actors) ã¹·ÄɮաÒÃáÅ¡à»ÅÕè¹ÃдѺÁËÀÒ¤ (Macro Level Exchange Theory) ¢Í§ Emerson ÍÒ¨à»ç¹ä´é·Ñ駻ѨਡºØ¤¤Å (Individuals) ËÃ×ÍËÁÙ褳Р(Collectivities) «Ö觹Ѻà»ç¹»Ñ¨¨ÑÂÊÓ¤Ñ㹡ÒþѲ¹ÒÁÒÊÙè¤ÇÒÁÊÑÁ¾Ñ¹¸ìàªÔ§áÅ¡à»ÅÕè¹áÅÐà¤Ã×Í¢èÒ (Exchange Relationships and Networks) «Ö觻ѨਡºØ¤¤ÅËÃ×ÍËÁÙ褳ШÐÁÕ»¯ÔÊÑÁ¾Ñ¹¸ì¡Ñ¹ã¹ÅѡɳТͧ¡ÒÃáÅ¡à»ÅÕ蹡ѹÀÒÂã¹à¤Ã×Í¢èÒ¢ͧµ¹àͧ â´Â Emerson àʹÍÇèÒã¹à¤Ã×Í¢èÒ¡ÒÃáÅ¡à»ÅÕè¹ã´ã´ ¨Ð»ÃСͺ仴éÇ (1) â¤Ã§¢èÒ¢ͧ¤ÇÒÁÊÑÁ¾Ñ¹¸ì·Ò§Êѧ¤Á (Web of Social Relation) (2) µÑÇáÊ´§·ÕèËÅÒ¡ËÅÒ (Various Actors) «Öè§ÁÕâÍ¡ÒÊ㹡ÒÃáÅ¡à»ÅÕè¹ (Exchange Opportunities) ÃÇÁ¶Ö§ÁÕ¤ÇÒÁÊÑÁ¾Ñ¹¸ì㹡ÒÃáÅ¡à»ÅÕè¹ (Exchange Relations) «Ö觡ѹáÅСѹ áÅÐ (3) ¡ÒÃáÅ¡à»ÅÕè¹ÃдѺºØ¤¤Å¨Ðà»ç¹¡ÒÃÊÃéÒ§â¤Ã§ÊÃéÒ§à¤Ã×Í¢èÒÂà´ÕèÂÇ (Single Network Structure) (George Ritzer, 2003 : 180)
ã¹»ÃÐà´ç¹¢Í§¡ÒÃãªéÍÓ¹Ò¨ áÅФÇÒÁÊÁ´ØÅàªÔ§ÍÓ¹Ò¨ Emerson ªÕéãËéàË繶֧¤ÇÒÁÊÑÁ¾Ñ¹¸ìàªÔ§ÍӹҨẺ¾Öè§¾Ò (Power-Dependency Relations) ·ÕèÊзé͹¨Ò¡áººá¼¹¡ÒþÖ觾ÒÍÒÈÑÂÃÐËÇèÒ§¼Ù餹 Íѹà»ç¹¾×鹰ҹ㹡ÒáèÍ¡Óà¹Ô´â¤Ã§ÊÃéÒ§·Õèà¡ÕèÂÇà¹×èͧ¡Ñº¡ÒüÊÁ¼ÊÒ¹ ¡ÒÃÃÇÁËÁÙè¼Ù餹 ËÃ×Í¡ÒèÓṡá¡áÂмÙ餹à»ç¹¡ÅØèÁËÃ×Í»ÃÐàÀ· ã¹¢³Ðà´ÕÂǡѹ¤ÇÒÁÊÑÁ¾Ñ¹¸ìàªÔ§¾Ö觾ÒÍÒÈÑÂÃÐËÇèÒ§¡Ñ¹¢Í§¤¹ã¹¡ÅØèÁ¨ÐªèǺèÁà¾ÒÐãËéÊÁÒªÔ¡¢Í§¡ÅØèÁÁÕ¤ÇÒÁÊÑÁ¾Ñ¹¸ì«Ö觡ѹáÅСѹ áÅЪèǾѲ¹Ò¤ÇÒÁÊÑÁ¾Ñ¹¸ì´Ñ§¡ÅèÒÇãËéá¹è¹á¿é¹ÁÒ¡ÂÔ觢Öé¹ «Öè§Ê觼ÅãËéÍÓ¹Ò¨¢Í§ÊÁҪԡ㹡ÅØèÁäÁèà·èÒà·ÕÂÁ¡Ñ¹ â´ÂËÒ¡½èÒÂ˹Ö觾Ö觾ÒÍÕ¡½èÒÂ˹Öè§ÁÒ¡¨¹à¡Ô¹ä» (Over Dependency) ÍÓ¹Ò¨¡ç¨ÐäÁèÊÁ´ØÅ (Unbalance Power) áÅнèÒ·Õèà»ç¹·Õè¾Ö觡ç¨Ðä´éà»ÃÕºàªÔ§ÍÓ¹Ò¨µèÍÍÕ¡½èÒÂ˹Öè§ áµè¶éÒËÒ¡µèÒ§¤¹µèÒ§¾Ö觾ÒÍÒÈÑ¡ѹÍÂèÒ§·Ñ´à·ÕÂÁ¡Ñ¹áÅéÇ ÍÓ¹Ò¨¹Ñ鹡ç¨ÐÊÁ´ØÅ ã¹·ÃÃȹТͧ Emerson ÍÓ¹Ò¨à»ç¹ÈÑ¡ÂÀÒ¾ã¹àªÔ§â¤Ã§ÊÃéÒ§·ÕèÁÒ¨Ò¡¤ÇÒÁÊÑÁ¾Ñ¹¸ì·Õè¾Ö觾ÒÃÐËÇèÒ§¼Ùé¡ÃзӴéÇ¡ѹ Êèǹ¡ÒÃãªéÍÓ¹Ò¨ ËÁÒ¶֧ ¾ÄµÔ¡ÃÃÁ·ÕèãªéÍÓ¹Ò¨´Ñ§¡ÅèÒÇ ã¹¢³Ð·Õèâ¤Ã§ÊÃéÒ§ÍÓ¹Ò¨¡ç¨Ðà»ç¹ÊÔ觷Õè¡Ó˹´áººá¼¹áÅÐÅѡɳТͧ¡ÒÃáÅ¡à»ÅÕè¹ (Exchange Patterns and Characteristics) ÃÐËÇèÒ§¼Ùé¡ÃзӡÒà (Agency) ·ÕèÁÕÍÓ¹Ò¨äÁèà·èÒà·ÕÂÁ¡Ñ¹ ÃÇÁ·Ñé§ÁÕ¤ÇÒÁÊÑÁ¾Ñ¹¸ìàªÔ§ÍӹҨẺäÁèàÊÁÍÀÒ¤ (Unbalance Power Relations) «Öè§ã¹·ÕèÊØ´áÅéǤÇÒÁäÁèà·èÒà·ÕÂÁàÊÁÍÀÒ¤´Ñ§¡ÅèÒÇ ÁÑ¡¨Ð¹Óä»ÊÙè¡Ãкǹ¡Ò÷Õè·ÓãËéÍÓ¹Ò¨ÁÕ¤ÇÒÁÊÁ´ØÅÁÒ¡¢Ö鹨ҡà´ÔÁ (¨ÔÃÒÅÑ¡É³ì ¨§Ê¶ÔµÁÑè¹, 2549 : 111-112)
¡ÅèÒÇä´éÇèÒ ¤Ø³Ù»¡Òâͧ Emerson ¤×Í ¡ÒÃàª×èÍÁ⧠(Link) ¨ØÅÀÒ¤¡ÑºÁËÀÒ¤ ¨Ò¡á¹Ç¤Ô´·ÄɮաÒÃáÅ¡à»ÅÕè¹ «Öè§à¡ÕèÂǾѹ件֧·ÄÉ®Õà¤Ã×Í¢èÒ (Network Theory) ´Ñ§·Õè Karen Cook ÊÒÇ¡¤¹ÊӤѢͧ Emerson ä´é¡ÅèÒÇäÇéÇèÒ»ÃÐà´ç¹ÊÓ¤Ñ㹼ŧҹ¢Í§ Emerson ¤×Í â¤Ã§ÊÃéÒ§à¤Ã×Í¢èÒ¡ÒÃáÅ¡à»ÅÕè¹ (Exchange Network Structure) ¹Ñ蹤×ÍÈÙ¹Âì¡ÅÒ§¡ÒÃàª×èÍÁ⧨ØÅÀÒ¤¡ÑºÁËÀÒ¤ «Öè§à»ç¹¡ÒÃàª×èÍÁâ§ãËé»Ñ¨à¨¡ºØ¤¤ÅãËé¡ÅÒÂà»ç¹¡ÅØèÁáÅоѲ¹ÒÊÙè¡ÒÃà»ç¹ËÁÙ褳зÕèãËè¢Öé¹ àªè¹ ͧ¤ì¡Òà ËÃ×Í ¾Ãä¡ÒÃàÁ×ͧ (Cook, Á.».». ÍéÒ§¶Ö§ã¹ George Ritzer, 2003 : 179) ¼Å§Ò¹¢Í§ Emerson ´Ñ§¡ÅèÒÇÁÕÊèǹÊӤѷÕèªèÇÂãËéǧ¡ÒÃÊѧ¤ÁÇÔ·ÂÒ㹻Ѩ¨ØºÑ¹ â´Â੾ÒÐÍÂèÒ§ÂÔ觡ÒÃà¡Ô´¢Ö鹢ͧá¹Ç¤Ô´ “à¤Ã×Í¢èÒ·ҧÊѧ¤Á” (Social Network)
2. ÊÒÃÐÊѧࢻÇèÒ´éÇÂá¹Ç¤Ô´à¤Ã×Í¢èÒ·ҧÊѧ¤Á (Brief of Social Network Concept)
´Ñ§·Õèä´é¡ÅèÒÇÁÒáÅéÇÇèÒá¹Ç¤Ô´à¤Ã×Í¢èÒ·ҧÊѧ¤Á (Social Network) à»ç¹Ë¹Öè§ã¹á¹Ç¤Ô´¢Í§ÈÒʵÃìÂؤãËÁè «Öè§ä´éÃѺ¡ÒþѲ¹Ò¨Ò¡¹Ñ¡¤Ô´·Ò§Êѧ¤ÁÇÔ·ÂÒ à¾×èÍà»ç¹Íա˹Ö觷ҧàÅ×͡㹡ÒÃãªéà»ç¹áÇè¹¢ÂÒÂ㹡ÒÃÈÖ¡ÉÒÊѧ¤Á ã¹·Õè¹Õé¼Ùéà¢Õ¹¢ÍÊÃØ»ÊÒÃÐÊӤѢͧá¹Ç¤Ô´´Ñ§¡ÅèÒÇ ´Ñ§¹Õé
°Ò¹¤µÔ (Assumption)
ã¹à¤Ã×Í¢èÒÂÊѧ¤Á ¨Ð»ÃСͺ仴éǺؤ¤ÅËÃ×͵ÑÇáÊ´§ (Actor) ·ÕèÁÕ¤ÇÒÁÊÑÁ¾Ñ¹¸ì (Relation) «Ö觡ѹáÅСѹµÒÁº·ºÒ·ËÃ×Í˹éÒ·Õè·ÕèáµèÅФ¹ËÃ×ͤÙè¤ÇÒÁÊÑÁ¾Ñ¹¸ìÁÕÍÂÙè «Öè§áµèÅФ¹¹Ñé¹ÁÔä´éÁÕà¾Õ§º·ºÒ·à´ÕÂÇ ËÒ¡áµèÁÕËÅÒº·ºÒ··Õè¨ÐµéͧÊÇÁ㹪ÕÇÔµ»ÃШÓÇѹ ¤ÇÒÁÊÑÁ¾Ñ¹¸ìÃÐËÇèÒ§ºØ¤¤Åã¹à¤Ã×Í¢èÒÂÊѧ¤Á ºÒ§¤ÃÑé§ÍÒ¨à»ç¹ä»µÒÁ·Äɮբͧ¡ÒÃáÅ¡à»ÅÕè¹ à¾ÃÒкؤ¤ÅäÁèà¾Õ§áµè·ÓµÒÁº·ºÒ·Ë¹éÒ·Õè·Õè¤Ò´ËÇѧã¹Êѧ¤Á ËÃ×͵ÒÁºÃ÷Ѵ°Ò¹·Õèä´éÃѺ¡ÒöèÒ·ʹÁÒà·èÒ¹Ñé¹ áµè¤ÇÒÁÊÑÁ¾Ñ¹¸ìÃÐËÇèÒ§ºØ¤¤ÅÂѧ¢Öé¹ÍÂÙ躹¾×é¹°Ò¹¢Í§¡ÒÃÃѺÃÙéáÅСÒõѴÊÔ¹ã¨ã¹¡ÒÃáÅ¡à»ÅÕ蹫Ö觡ѹáÅСѹÃÐËÇèÒ§¤Ùè¤ÇÒÁÊÑÁ¾Ñ¹¸ì ·Ñé§ã¹´éÒ¹Çѵ¶ØáÅзҧ´éÒ¹¨Ôµã¨
¤ÇÒÁËÁÒ¢ͧà¤Ã×Í¢èÒ·ҧÊѧ¤Á (Social Network Meaning)
ÁÕ¼ÙéãËé¹ÔÂÒÁ¢Í§¤ÓÇèÒ à¤Ã×Í¢èÒ·ҧÊѧ¤Á äÇéËÅÒ¤ÇÒÁËÁÒ â´Â¼Ùéà¢Õ¹¢Í¹ÓàʹÍâ´ÂÊѧࢻ ´Ñ§¹Õé
ã¹ Encyclopedia of Sociology (Volume 4 : S-Z Index) (1992 : 1887) ãËé¹ÔÂÒÁ¢Í§ à¤Ã×Í¢èÒ·ҧÊѧ¤Á (Social Network) ÇèÒËÁÒ¶֧ »ÃÒ¡¯¡Òóì·Ò§Êѧ¤Áã¹ÃٻẺ˹Ö觷ÕèáÊ´§ãËéàË繶֧ÃٻẺ¡ÒèѴàÃÕ§¤ÇÒÁÊÑÁ¾Ñ¹¸ì (Patterned Arrays of Relationship) ÃÐËÇèÒ§»Ñ¨à¨¡ª¹ (Individual) ·ÕèÃèÇÁ¡ÃзӡÒÃã¹Êѧ¤Á
¢³Ð·Õèã¹ The SAGE Dictionary of Sociology (2006 : 239) ãËé¹ÔÂÒÁÇèÒ à¤Ã×Í¢èÒ·ҧÊѧ¤Á ¤×Í ÃٻẺ¤ÇÒÁÊÑÁ¾Ñ¹¸ì·Ò§Êѧ¤Á (Pattern of Social Relationship) ¢Í§»Ñ¨à¨¡ª¹ (Individual) «Ö觹ѡÊѧ¤ÁÇÔ·ÂÒ¶×ÍÇèÒà»ç¹Ë¹èÇÂÇÔà¤ÃÒÐËì (Unit of Analysis) 㹡ÒÃÈÖ¡ÉÒ áÅÐãªéÇÔ¸ÕÈÖ¡ÉÒâ´Â¡ÒÃÊѧࡵ (Observation) ¡è͹¨Ðà¢Õ¹ÍÍ¡ÁÒà»ç¹á¼¹·Õ軯ÔÊÑÁ¾Ñ¹¸ì (Interaction Mapping)
¾ÃÐÁËÒÊØ·ÔµÂì ÍÒÀÒ¡âà (2547 : 6) ãËé¹ÔÂÒÁ¢Í§ à¤Ã×Í¢èÒ·ҧÊѧ¤Á ÇèÒËÁÒ¶֧ ¤ÇÒÁÊÑÁ¾Ñ¹¸ìã¹Êѧ¤ÁÁ¹ØÉÂì ·Ñé§ã¹ÃдѺ»Ñ¨à¨¡ºØ¤¤Å »Ñ¨à¨¡ºØ¤¤Å¡Ñº¡ÅØèÁ ¡ÅØèÁ¡Ñº¡ÅØèÁ áÅСÅØèÁ¡Ñºà¤Ã×Í¢èÒ â´Âà»ç¹¡ÒÃ͸ԺÒ¶֧¾ÄµÔ¡ÃÃÁáÅФÇÒÁÊÑÁ¾Ñ¹¸ì·Õèà¡ÕèÂÇ¢éͧ¡ÑºÊÔ觵èÒ§ æ àªè¹ ¡Ô¨¡ÃÃÁ ¡ÒÃÊ×èÍÊÒà ¤ÇÒÁÃèÇÁÁ×Í ¡ÒþÖ觾ÒÍÒÈÑ ¡ÒÃáÅ¡à»ÅÕè¹àÃÕ¹ÃÙé «Öè§à»ç¹¤ÇÒÁÊÑÁ¾Ñ¹¸ì·ÕèÁÕâ¤Ã§ÊÃéÒ§áÅÐÃٻẺ·ÕèËÅÒ¡ËÅÒÂ
¢³Ð·Õè Alter áÅÐ Hage (1993 ÍéÒ§¶Ö§ã¹¹ÄÁÅ ¹ÔÃÒ·Ã, 2543 : 6) ¡ÅèÒÇÇèÒ à¤Ã×Í¢èÒ (Network) ¤×Í ÃٻẺ·Ò§Êѧ¤Á ·Õèà»Ô´âÍ¡ÒÊãËéà¡Ô´»¯ÔÊÑÁ¾Ñ¹¸ìÃÐËÇèҧͧ¤ì¡Ã à¾×èÍáÅ¡à»ÅÕè¹ ¡ÒÃÊÃéÒ§¤ÇÒÁà»ç¹Íѹ˹Öè§Íѹà´ÕÂÇ áÅСÒÃÃèÇÁ¡Ñ¹·Ó§Ò¹ à¤Ã×Í¢èÒ»ÃСͺ´éÇÂͧ¤ì¡Ã¨Ó¹Ç¹Ë¹Ö觫Öè§ÁÕÍÒ³Òࢵ·Õèá¹è¹Í¹ËÃ×ÍäÁè¡çä´é áÅÐͧ¤ì¡ÃàËÅèÒ¹ÕéÁÕ°Ò¹Ðà·èÒà·ÕÂÁ¡Ñ¹
Êèǹ Jeremy Boissevain (1974 : 22) ãËé¹ÔÂÒÁ¢Í§ à¤Ã×Í¢èÒ·ҧÊѧ¤Á ÇèÒËÁÒ¶֧ ¤ÇÒÁÊÑÁ¾Ñ¹¸ì·Ò§Êѧ¤Á¢Í§ºØ¤¤Å â´ÂÁÕ¡ÒõԴµèÍÊ×èÍÊÒÃáÅÐáÅ¡à»ÅÕ蹼ŻÃÐ⪹ì«Ö觡ѹáÅСѹ
¨Ò¡·Õè¡ÅèÒÇÁÒã¹¢éÒ§µé¹ÊÒÁÒöÊÃØ»ä´éÇèÒ à¤Ã×Í¢èÒ·ҧÊѧ¤Á (Social Network) ËÁÒ¶֧ ÃٻẺ¤ÇÒÁÊÑÁ¾Ñ¹¸ì·Ò§Êѧ¤Á (Pattern of Social Relationship) ¢Í§»Ñ¨à¨¡ºØ¤¤Å (Individual) ¡ÅØèÁ (Group) áÅÐͧ¤ì¡Ã (Organization) ¼èÒ¹ÃٻẺ¢Í§»¯ÔÊÑÁ¾Ñ¹¸ì·Ò§Êѧ¤Á (Social Interaction) ã¹ÃٻẺµèÒ§æ àªè¹ ¡Ô¨¡ÃÃÁ ¡ÒÃÊ×èÍÊÒà ¤ÇÒÁÃèÇÁÁ×Í ¡ÒþÖ觾ÒÍÒÈÑ ¡ÒÃáÅ¡à»ÅÕè¹ ¡ÒÃàÃÕ¹ÃÙé «Öè§à»ç¹»¯ÔÊÑÁ¾Ñ¹¸ì·ÕèÁÕâ¤Ã§ÊÃéÒ§áÅÐÃٻẺ·ÕèËÅÒ¡ËÅÒ µÅÍ´¨¹ÁÕà»éÒËÁÒÂÃèÇÁ¡Ñ¹
»ÃÐàÀ·¢Í§à¤Ã×Í¢èÒ·ҧÊѧ¤Á (Type of Social Network)
㹡ÒèÓṡ»ÃÐàÀ·¢Í§à¤Ã×Í¢èÒ·ҧÊѧ¤Á ÊÒÁÒöáºè§ä´éã¹ËÅÒÂÃٻẺ â´ÂÁչѡÇÔªÒ¡ÒÃËÅÒ¤¹·Õèä´é¨Óṡ»ÃÐàÀ·¢Í§à¤Ã×Í¢èÒ «Ö觼Ùéà¢Õ¹¢ÍàʹÍâ´ÂÊѧࢻ ´Ñ§¹Õé
¹ÄÁÅ ¹ÔÃÒ·Ã (2543 : 18-21) ä´é¨Óṡ»ÃÐàÀ·¢Í§à¤Ã×Í¢èÒ·ҧÊѧ¤Á µÒÁÁÔµÔ 4 ÁÔµÔ ´Ñ§¹Õé
1) ¨ÓṡµÒÁ¾×é¹·Õè´Óà¹Ô¹¡Òà àªè¹ à¤Ã×Í¢èÒÂÃдѺËÁÙèºéÒ¹ µÓºÅ ÍÓàÀÍ ¨Ñ§ËÇÑ´ ÀÒ¤ áÅлÃÐà·È
2) ¨ÓṡµÒÁ¡Ô¨¡ÃÃÁËÃ×Í»ÃÐà´ç¹»ÑËÒ àªè¹ à¤Ã×Í¢èÒ·Õè·Ó§Ò¹´éÒ¹à´ç¡ ʵÃÕ ÊÒ¸ÒóÊØ¢ àÈÃÉ°¡Ô¨ ¾Ñ²¹ÒªØÁª¹ ÊÔ·¸ÔÁ¹Øɪ¹ ÊÔè§áÇ´ÅéÍÁ
3) ¨ÓṡµÒÁÍÒªÕ¾ËÃ×ÍʶҹÀÒ¾·Ò§Êѧ¤Á àªè¹ à¤Ã×Í¢èÒ´éÒ¹áç§Ò¹ à¤Ã×Í¢èÒ¡ÅØèÁ¾ÃÐÊ˸ÃÃÁ à¤Ã×Í¢èÒ¤ÃÙ¾Ô·Ñ¡ÉìÊÔ·¸Ôà´ç¡ à¤Ã×Í¢èÒÂÊÒÃÇѵùѡàÃÕ¹
4) ¨ÓṡµÒÁÃٻẺâ¤Ã§ÊÃéÒ§ËÃ×ͤÇÒÁÊÑÁ¾Ñ¹¸ì ·ÓãËéà¡Ô´à¤Ã×Í¢èÒÂã¹ 2 ÅѡɳР¤×Í à¤Ã×Í¢èÒµÒÁá¹ÇµÑé§ ¤×Í (1) à¤Ã×Í¢èÒ·ÕèÁÕâ¤Ã§ÊÃéÒ§à»ç¹ªèǧªÑé¹ ·ÓãËé¤ÇÒÁÊÑÁ¾Ñ¹¸ìÃÐËÇèҧͧ¤ì¡ÃÀÒÂã¹à¤Ã×Í¢èÒÂäÁèà·èҡѹ áÅÐ (2) à¤Ã×Í¢èÒµÒÁá¹Ç¹Í¹ à»ç¹à¤Ã×Í¢èÒ·Õè¤ÇÒÁÊÑÁ¾Ñ¹¸ìÃÐËÇèҧͧ¤ì¡ÃÀÒÂã¹à¤Ã×Í¢èÒÂà·èÒà·ÕÂÁ¡Ñ¹
¹Í¡¨Ò¡¹Õé Martin Kilduff áÅÐ Wenpin Tsai (2003 : 4-8) ä´éáºè§»ÃÐàÀ·¢Í§à¤Ã×Í¢èÒµÒÁÃдѺ¢Í§¡ÒÃÈÖ¡ÉÒÇÔà¤ÃÒÐËìà¤Ã×Í¢èÒ (Network Analysis) â´Â áºè§ä´éà»ç¹ 4 »ÃÐàÀ· ¤×Í (1) à¤Ã×Í¢èÒÂÃдѺ»Ñ¨à¨¡ºØ¤¤Å (Individual Level Network) (2) à¤Ã×Í¢èÒÂÃдѺ˹èǸØáԨ (Business Unit Level Network) (3) à¤Ã×Í¢èÒÂÃдѺͧ¤ì¡Ã (Organization Level Network) áÅÐ (4) à¤Ã×Í¢èÒÂÃдѺÍ×è¹æ (Other Level Network) ËÃ×ÍÃдѺÃÐËÇèҧͧ¤ì¡Ã
ÍÂèÒ§äáçµÒÁ áÁéÁԵԢͧ¡ÒèÓṡ»ÃÐàÀ·¢Í§à¤Ã×Í¢èÒ·ҧÊѧ¤Á´Ñ§¡ÅèÒÇ ¨Ð¤è͹¢éÒ§ªÑ´à¨¹ ÊÒÁÒö¨Óṡ»ÃÐàÀ·ä´é áµèËÒ¡¾Ô¨ÒóÒÍÂèÒ§ÅÐàÍÕ´áÅéǨоºÇèÒ ºÒ§à¤Ã×Í¢èÒÂÍÒ¨ÁÕÅѡɳзѺ«é͹¡Ñ¹ÍÂÙèã¹áµèÅÐÁÔµÔ àªè¹ à¤Ã×Í¢èÒÂáç§Ò¹ ÁÕÅѡɳÐà»ç¹·Ñé§à¤Ã×Í¢èÒ´éÒ¹áç§Ò¹ áÅÐà»ç¹à¤Ã×Í¢èÒÂÃдѺ»ÃÐà·È´éÇÂ
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¡ÒÃÊÃéÒ§à¤Ã×Í¢èÒ (Networking) ËÁÒ¶֧ ¡Ô¨¡ÃÃÁ㹡ÒáèÍãËéà¡Ô´¡ÅØèÁ «Öè§ÍÒ¨à»ç¹¡ÅØèÁͧ¤ì¡Ã ËÃ×Í¡ÅØèÁºØ¤¤Å à¾×èÍÇѵ¶Ø»ÃÐʧ¤ì㹡ÒÃáÅ¡à»ÅÕè¹ ¡ÒèѴ¡Ô¨¡ÃÃÁ ËÃ×Í¡ÒüÅÔµÃÐËÇèҧͧ¤ì¡ÃÊÁÒªÔ¡ µéͧÍÒÈÑ¡ÒÃÁÕ»¯ÔÊÑÁ¾Ñ¹¸ìÃèÇÁ¡Ñ¹ÁÒ¡è͹˹éÒ·Õè¨Ð·Ó¤ÇÒÁµ¡Å§à»ç¹Í§¤ì¡Ãà¤Ã×Í¢èÒ (¹ÄÁÅ ¹ÔÃÒ·Ã, 2543 : 8)
ÊÓËÃѺà˵ؼÅ㹡ÒÃÊÃéÒ§à¤Ã×Í¢èÒ·ҧÊѧ¤Á¹Ñé¹ ¹ÄÁÅ ¹ÔÃÒ·Ã (2543 : 11-12) ¡ÅèÒÇÇèÒà»ç¹à¾ÃÒÐ (1) µéͧ¡ÒÃÁÕà¾×è͹㹡Ò÷ӧҹ µéͧ¡ÒÃÁÕËÁÙè Áվǡ (2) µéͧ¡Ò÷ÃѾÂÒ¡Ã㹡Ò÷ӧҹ (3) µéͧ¡ÒÃÃѺÀÒÃФÇÒÁàÊÕè§㹡Ԩ¡ÃÃÁÃèÇÁ¡Ñ¹ (4) µéͧ¡ÒäÇÒÁªÓ¹Ò੾Òдéҹ㹡ÒÃá¡é䢻ÑËÒ (5) µéͧ¡ÒûÃÐËÂÑ´ áÅÐ (6) µéͧ¡ÒÃàÃÕ¹ÃÙé»ÃÐʺ¡Òóì㹡Ò÷ӧҹÃèÇÁ¡Ñ¹ ÃÇÁ件֧ÁջѨ¨ÑÂàÊÃÔÁ·Õèà»ç¹à§×è͹ä¢ÊÓ¤Ñ ¤×Í ¤ÇÒÁàµçÁ㨷Õè¨Ðà¢éÒÃèÇÁà»ç¹à¤Ã×Í¢èÒÂ
Êèǹ¾ÃÐÁËÒÊØ·ÔµÂì ÍÒÀÒ¡âà (2547 : 55-58) ãËéà˵ؼÅÇèÒ¡ÒÃÊÃéÒ§à¤Ã×Í¢èÒ·ҧÊѧ¤Áà¡Ô´¨Ò¡ (1) ʶҹ¡Òóì»ÑËÒáÅÐÊÀÒ¾áÇ´ÅéÍÁ·Õè«éÓ«é͹ ËÅÒ¡ËÅÒ áÅТÂÒµÑÇ ¨¹à¡Ô¹¤ÇÒÁÊÒÁÒö¢Í§»Ñ¨à¨¡ºØ¤¤Å ËÃ×Í¡ÅØèÁ ·Õè¨Ð´Óà¹Ô¹¡ÒÃá¡éä¢ (2) à¤Ã×Í¢èÒÂà»ç¹à¤Ã×èͧÁ×ÍËÃ×ÍÂØ·¸ÈÒʵÃì㹡ÒÃÊÃéÒ§¾×é¹·Õè·Ò§Êѧ¤Á áÅÐ (3) à¾×èÍãËé¡ÒûÃÐÊÒ¹¼Å»ÃÐ⪹ìà»ç¹ä»ÍÂèÒ§à·èÒà·ÕÂÁ
¨Ò¡·Õè¡ÅèÒÇÁÒã¹¢éÒ§µé¹ ¨ÐàËç¹ä´éÇèÒà˵ؼÅÊӤѢͧ¡ÒÃÊÃéÒ§à¤Ã×Í¢èÒ·ҧÊѧ¤Á ¤×Í ¡ÒÃÁØ觷Õè¨ÐºÃÃÅØà»éÒËÁÒ¢ͧ»Ñ¨à¨¡ºØ¤¤Å «Öè§äÁèÊÒÁÒö·Óä´é´éǵ¹àͧâ´ÂÅӾѧ áµèµéͧÍÒÈÑ¡ÒÃÃÇÁµÑǡѹà»ç¹¡ÅØèÁà¾×èÍáÅ¡à»ÅÕè¹·ÃѾÂÒ¡Ã Íѹ¨ÐÊ觼ÅãËéÊÒÁÒö´Óà¹Ô¹¡ÒÃãËéºÃÃÅØà»éÒËÁÒ Íѹà»ç¹¡ÒûÃÐÊÒ¹¼Å»ÃÐ⪹ì«Ö觡ѹáÅСѹ
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Waner (ÍéÒ§¶Ö§ã¹»ÒÃÔªÒµÔ Ê¶Ò»ÔµÒ¹¹·ì áÅЪÑÂÇѲ¹ì ¶ÔÃоѹ¸ì, 2546 : 9) ¡ÅèÒǶ֧ͧ¤ì»ÃСͺ¢Í§à¤Ã×Í¢èÒ â´ÂãªéµÑÇÍÑ¡ÉÃÂèÍÀÒÉÒÍѧ¡ÄÉ ¤×Í LINK «Ö觻ÃСͺ´éÇ (1) ¡ÒÃàÃÕ¹ÃÙé (Learning) (2) ¡ÒÃŧ·Ø¹ (Investing) (3) ¡ÒôÙáÅ (Nursing) áÅÐ (4) ¡ÒÃÃÑ¡ÉÒ (Keeping)
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¡ÒÃÇÔà¤ÃÒÐËìà¤Ã×Í¢èÒÂÊѧ¤Á (Social Network Analysis)
¨Ò¡·Õè¡ÅèÒÇÁÒã¹¢éÒ§µé¹¨ÐàËç¹ä´éÇèÒ á¹Ç¤ÇÒÁ¤Ô´ã¹àÃ×èͧà¤Ã×Í¢èÒ·ҧÊѧ¤Á¹Ñé¹ à¹é¹¡ÒôÓçÍÂÙè¢Í§ÊÒÂã¤ÇÒÁÊÑÁ¾Ñ¹¸ì·Ò§Êѧ¤Á (Social Relation Web) ÃÐËÇèÒ§ºØ¤¤Å ·Õè¢ÂÒ¤Ãͺ¤ÅØÁä»·ÑèÇ·Ñé§Êѧ¤Á áµè¡ÒÃÇÔà¤ÃÒÐËìà¤Ã×Í¢èÒ·ҧÊѧ¤Á¹Ñé¹ ã¹·Ò§Êѧ¤ÁÇÔ·ÂÒ¨Ðà¹é¹·Õè¤ÇÒÁÊÑÁ¾Ñ¹¸ì·Ò§Êѧ¤ÁÃÐËÇèÒ§ºØ¤¤Å·ÕèÍÂÙèã¹à¤Ã×Í¢èÒÂÊѧ¤ÁÇèÒ ¨ÐÊ觼ŵè;ĵԡÃÃÁ«Ö觡ѹáÅСѹÍÂèÒ§äà «Ö觵éͧÍÒÈÑ»Ѩ¨ÑÂàÃ×èͧÃٻẺáÅÐÅѡɳТͧà¤Ã×Í¢èÒÂÊѧ¤ÁÁÒ͸ԺÒ¾ĵԡÃÃÁ¢Í§ºØ¤¤Å´éÇ ã¹àÃ×èͧ¹Õé Jeremy Boissevain ä´éàʹͶ֧ÅѡɳФÇÒÁÊÑÁ¾Ñ¹¸ì·Ò§Êѧ¤Á·ÕèÊÒÁÒö¹ÓÁÒà»ç¹¡Ãͺ㹡ÒÃÈÖ¡ÉÒÇÔà¤ÃÒÐËìà¤Ã×Í¢èÒÂÊѧ¤ÁäÇé 4 ÅѡɳдéÇ¡ѹ ´Ñ§¹Õé (Boissevain, 1974 : 35-39)
1. ¤ÇÒÁÊÑÁ¾Ñ¹¸ìÍѹËÅÒ¡ËÅÒ ´éǺ·ºÒ··ÕèÁÕã¹Êѧ¤Á : ¤ÇÒÁÊÑÁ¾Ñ¹¸ìàªÔ§«é͹ (Diversity of Linkage : Multiplexity) â´ÂÅѡɳТͧ¤ÇÒÁÊÑÁ¾Ñ¹¸ìẺ¹Õé ÊÒÁÒö͸ԺÒÂä´é´éÇ·Äɮպ·ºÒ· (Role Theory) à¹×èͧ¨Ò¡ã¹à¤Ã×Í¢èÒ·ҧÊѧ¤Á¹Ñé¹ ¨Ð»ÃСͺ仴éǺؤ¤Å·ÕèÁÕ¤ÇÒÁÊÑÁ¾Ñ¹¸ì«Ö觡ѹáÅСѹµÒÁº·ºÒ·ËÃ×Í˹éÒ·Õè ·ÕèáµèÅФ¹ËÃ×ͤÙè¤ÇÒÁÊÑÁ¾Ñ¹¸ìÁÕÍÂÙè â´Â·ÕèºØ¤¤ÅáµèÅФ¹¹Ñé¹ÁÔä´éÁÕà¾Õ§º·ºÒ·à´ÕÂÇ ËÒ¡áµèÁÕËÅÒº·ºÒ··Õè¨ÐµéͧÊÇÁ㹪ÕÇÔµ»ÃШÓÇѹ àªè¹ º·ºÒ·¢Í§áÁè º·ºÒ·ÅÙ¡ º·ºÒ·ÍÒ¨ÒÃÂì º·ºÒ·¹Ñ¡ÈÖ¡ÉÒ º·ºÒ·¢Í§à¾×è͹ à»ç¹µé¹ ´Ñ§¹Ñé¹ ºØ¤¤ÅÊͧ¤¹ÍÒ¨ÁÕ¤ÇÒÁÊÑÁ¾Ñ¹¸ì¡Ñ¹ä´é ·Ñé§ã¹º·ºÒ·à´ÕÂÇ (Single Role) ËÃ×ÍËÅÒº·ºÒ·»ÃСͺ¡Ñ¹ (Multiple Roles) àÃÕ¡ä´éÇèÒà»ç¹¤ÇÒÁÊÑÁ¾Ñ¹¸ìàªÔ§à´ÕèÂÇ (Uniplex or Single-Relation) áÅФÇÒÁÊÑÁ¾Ñ¹¸ìàªÔ§«é͹ (Multiplex or Multi-Relation) µÒÁÅӴѺ «Ö觺·ºÒ·áµèÅк·ºÒ·¨ÐÁÕ»·Ñʶҹ (Norms) áÅФÇÒÁ¤Ò´ËÇѧ (Expectation) à»ç¹µÑǪÕé¹Óá¹Ç·Ò§¾ÄµÔ¡ÃÃÁ·Õè¨Ð»¯ÔºÑµÔµè͡ѹáÅСѹ
2. ¤ÇÒÁÊÑÁ¾Ñ¹¸ì·Ò§Êѧ¤Áº¹¾×é¹°Ò¹¢Í§¡ÒÃáÅ¡à»ÅÕè¹ (Transactional Contact) ¤ÇÒÁÊÑÁ¾Ñ¹¸ìÃÐËÇèÒ§ºØ¤¤Åã¹à¤Ã×Í¢èÒ·ҧÊѧ¤Á ºÒ§¤ÃÑé§ÍÒ¨à»ç¹ä»µÒÁ·ÄɮաÒÃáÅ¡à»ÅÕè¹ (Exchange Theory) ·Õè¡ÅèÒÇÁÒ㹪èǧµé¹¢Í§º·¤ÇÒÁ¹Õé à¹×èͧ¨Ò¡ºØ¤¤ÅäÁèà¾Õ§áµè·ÓµÒÁº·ºÒ·Ë¹éÒ·Õè·Õè¤Ò´ËÇѧ (Expect Role/Functions) ã¹Êѧ¤Á ËÃ×͵ÒÁ»·Ñʶҹ (Norms) ·Õèä´éÃѺ¡ÒöèÒ·ʹÁÒà·èÒ¹Ñé¹ áµè¤ÇÒÁÊÑÁ¾Ñ¹¸ìÃÐËÇèÒ§ºØ¤¤ÅÂѧ¢Öé¹ÍÂÙ躹¾×é¹°Ò¹¢Í§¡ÒÃÃѺÃÙéáÅСÒõѴÊÔ¹ã¨ã¹¡ÒÃáÅ¡à»ÅÕ蹫Ö觡ѹáÅСѹÃÐËÇèÒ§¤Ùè¤ÇÒÁÊÑÁ¾Ñ¹¸ì ·Ñé§ã¹´éÒ¹Çѵ¶ØáÅзҧ´éÒ¹¨Ôµã¨ àªè¹ à§Ô¹·Í§ ÊÔ觢ͧ ËÃ×ͤÇÒÁªèÇÂàËÅ×Í·Õè¡èÍãËéà¡Ô´ºØ¤Ø³·ÕèµéͧÁÕ¡Òõͺ᷹¡Ñ¹ã¹ÀÒÂÀҤ˹éÒ â´Â·ÕèµÑǺؤ¤Åà»ç¹¼ÙéµÑ´ÊÔ¹ã¨àͧ㹡Ò÷Õè¨ÐàÅ×Í¡ ËÃ×ÍÁվĵԡÃÃÁÍÂèÒ§äà ËÃ×ÍáÅ¡à»ÅÕè¹ÍÐäáѺÍÕ¡ºØ¤¤Å˹Öè§ àªè¹ ¤ÇÒÁà»ç¹à¾×è͹ÃÐËÇèÒ§ ¹Ò´ӡѺ¹Ò ᴧ ÍÒ¨à»ç¹ä»ä´é·Ñé§ã¹àÃ×èͧ¢Í§¤ÇÒÁÃÑ¡ ¤ÇÒÁ«×èÍÊѵÂì ¤ÇÒÁʹԷʹÁ ¡ÒÃãËé¢Í§¡Ó¹ÑÅ ¡ÒÃãËéÂ×Áà§Ô¹·Í§ áµè·Ñ駤Ùè¡çÍÒ¨àÅ×Í¡·Õè¨ÐáÅ¡à»ÅÕè¹ã¹à¾Õ§ºÒ§ÊÔ觺ҧÍÂèÒ§«Ö觡ѹáÅСѹà·èÒ¹Ñé¹ ·Ñ駹Õé â´Â¤Ó¹Ö§¶Ö§¤ÇÒÁàËÁÒÐÊÁËÃ×ͤÇÒÁ¾Í㨷Õè¨Ðä´é¨Ò¡¡ÒÃáÅ¡à»ÅÕè¹¹Ñé¹æ ´éÇÂ
3. ¤ÇÒÁÊÑÁ¾Ñ¹¸ì·Ò§Êѧ¤Áã¹ÅѡɳзÕèà·èÒà·ÕÂÁ¡Ñ¹áÅÐäÁèà·èÒà·ÕÂÁ¡Ñ¹ (Directional Flow) ¤ÇÒÁÊÑÁ¾Ñ¹¸ì·Ò§Êѧ¤ÁÃÐËÇèÒ§ºØ¤¤Å «Öè§ÇÒ§ÍÂÙ躹¾×é¹°Ò¹¡ÒÃáÅ¡à»ÅÕè¹¹Ñé¹ ÊÒÁÒö¡èÍãËéà¡Ô´¤ÇÒÁÊÑÁ¾Ñ¹¸ìã¹ÅѡɳÐÃèÇÁÁ×͡ѹ (Cooperative) ËÃ×Íá¢è§¢Ñ¹¡Ñ¹ (Competitive) «Öè§ÍÒ¨¡èÍãËéà¡Ô´¡ÒÃáÅ¡à»ÅÕè¹·ÕèÊÁ´ØÅ (Balance Reciprocity) áÅÐäÁèÊÁ´Øšѹ (Negative Reciprocity) ¢Öé¹ ã¹·Õè¹ÕéËÁÒ¶֧¡ÒÃä´éÃѺ¼Å»ÃÐ⪹ì¨Ò¡¡Ñ¹áÅСѹ ·Ñé§ã¹ÅѡɳзÕèà·èÒà·ÕÂÁ¡Ñ¹áÅÐäÁèà·èÒà·ÕÂÁ¡Ñ¹ â´Â½èÒÂ˹Öè§ÍÒ¨ä´éÃѺÁÒ¡¡ÇèÒÍÕ¡½èÒÂ˹Öè§
4. ¤ÇÒÁ¶ÕèáÅÐÃÐÂÐàÇÅҢͧ¤ÇÒÁÊÑÁ¾Ñ¹¸ì (Frequency and Duration of Relationship) ¤ÇÒÁ¶Õè¢Í§¤ÇÒÁÊÑÁ¾Ñ¹¸ì (Frequency of Relationship) ¶×Íà»ç¹»Ñ¨¨Ñ·Õè¹Óä»ÊÙè¤Ø³ÀÒ¾¢Í§¤ÇÒÁÊÑÁ¾Ñ¹¸ìã¹ÅѡɳСÒÃà¡Ô´¤ÇÒÁÊÑÁ¾Ñ¹¸ìàªÔ§«é͹ áÅÐ㹷ӹͧà´ÕÂǡѹ¤ÇÒÁ¶Õè¢Í§¤ÇÒÁÊÑÁ¾Ñ¹¸ì ¡çà»ç¹¼Åà¹×èͧÁÒ¨Ò¡¤ÇÒÁÊÑÁ¾Ñ¹¸ìàªÔ§«é͹ ¤ÇÒÁ¼Ù¡¾Ñ¹áÅФÇÒÁÁÕÍÔ·¸Ô¾Åµè͡ѹáÅСѹ㹴éÒ¹¾ÄµÔ¡ÃÃÁ¹Ñé¹ ¨Ö§¢Öé¹ÍÂÙè·Õè¤ÇÒÁ¶ÕèáÅФÇÒÁºèͤÃÑ駢ͧ¡Òþº»ÐÊÑÁ¾Ñ¹¸ì¡Ñ¹ »ÃСͺ¢Öé¹ÍÂÙè·ÕèªèǧÃÐÂÐàÇÅҢͧ¤ÇÒÁÊÑÁ¾Ñ¹¸ì´éÇ ÂÔ觺ؤ¤ÅÁÕ¤ÇÒÁÊÑÁ¾Ñ¹¸ì¡ÑºÍÕ¡ºØ¤¤Å˹Ö觺èͤÃÑé§áÅÐÁÕÃÐÂÐàÇÅҢͧ¡ÒÃÃÙé¨Ñ¡¡Ñ¹¹Ò¹à¾Õ§㴠¤ÇÒÁÊÑÁ¾Ñ¹¸ìÃÐËÇèÒ§ºØ¤¤ÅÊͧ¤¹ ¨ÐÁÕÍÔ·¸Ô¾Å¡Ó˹´¾ÄµÔ¡ÃÃÁ¢Í§¡Ñ¹áÅСѹÁÒ¡¢Öé¹à·èÒ¹Ñé¹ à¹×èͧ¨Ò¡ÇèÒÁÕ¤ÇÒÁ¼Ù¡¾Ñ¹ÁÒ¡ áµè¤ÇÒÁ¶Õè¢Í§¤ÇÒÁÊÑÁ¾Ñ¹¸ìÍÂèÒ§à´ÕÂǹÑé¹äÁèà¾Õ§¾Í·Õè¨Ð·Ó¹ÒÂÍÔ·¸Ô¾Å¢Í§¤ÇÒÁÊÑÁ¾Ñ¹¸ìÃÐËÇèÒ§ºØ¤¤Å ËÃ×;ĵԡÃÃÁ¢Í§ºØ¤¤Åä´é àªè¹ ËÒ¡àÃÒà´Ô¹·Ò§ä»·Ó§Ò¹ áÅоº¡Ñº¾¹Ñ¡§Ò¹·Ó¤ÇÒÁÊÐÍÒ´·Ø¡Çѹ ¡çäÁèä´éËÁÒ¤ÇÒÁÇèÒ¾¹Ñ¡§Ò¹·Ó¤ÇÒÁÊÐÍÒ´¹Ñ鹨ÐÁÕÍÔ·¸Ô¾Å㹡ÒáÓ˹´¾ÄµÔ¡ÃÃÁ¢Í§àÃÒ ã¹·Ò§µÃ§¡Ñ¹¢éÒÁáÁéÇèÒàÃÒ¨ÐäÁèä´éà¨Í¹éͧªÒ¶֧Êͧ»Õ áµèàÃÒ¡çÁÕ¤ÇÒÁÃÑ¡ãËéá¡èà¢ÒáÅÐÂÔ¹´Õ·Õè¨Ð·ÓµÒÁ¤Ó¢Í¢Í§à¢Ò ´Ñ§¹Ñé¹ ÍÒ¨¡ÅèÒÇä´éÇèÒÃÐÂÐàÇÅҢͧ¡ÒÃÁÕ¤ÇÒÁÊÑÁ¾Ñ¹¸ì¡Ñ¹ ÍÒ¨ãªéà»ç¹µÑǪÕéÇÑ´ (Indictor) 㹡Ò÷ӹÒÂÍÔ·¸Ô¾Å·Õè¨ÐÁÕµè;ĵԡÃÃÁ¢Í§ºØ¤¤ÅÁÒ¡¡ÇèÒ¤ÇÒÁ¶Õè¢Í§¡Òþº»Ð¡Ñ¹
¹Í¡¨Ò¡ÅѡɳТͧ¤ÇÒÁÊÑÁ¾Ñ¹¸ìÀÒÂã¹à¤Ã×Í¢èÒ·ҧÊѧ¤Á·Ñé§ÊÕè¢éÒ§µé¹ Boissevain Âѧä´éàʹ͵èÍä»ÍÕ¡ÇèÒ ÊÔ觷Õè¨Ðµéͧ¤Ó¹Ö§áÅÐÇÔà¤ÃÒÐËìÃèÇÁä»´éÇ ¤×Í ÅѡɳТͧâ¤Ã§ÊÃéÒ§¢Í§à¤Ã×Í¢èÒ·ҧÊѧ¤Á »ÃСͺ´éÇ (1) ¢¹Ò´¢Í§à¤Ã×Í¢èÒ (2) ¤ÇÒÁ˹Òá¹è¹ÀÒÂã¹à¤Ã×Í¢èÒ (3) ¤ÇÒÁà¡ÕèÂǾѹ¡Ñ¹ÀÒÂã¹à¤Ã×Í¢èÒ (4) µÓá˹觢ͧºØ¤¤ÅÀÒÂã¹à¤Ã×Í¢èÒ áÅÐ (5) ¡ÅØèÁ¢Í§¤ÇÒÁÊÑÁ¾Ñ¹¸ì¢Í§ºØ¤¤Åã¹à¤Ã×Í¢èÒÂ
·ÄɮշÕèÁÕ¤ÇÒÁÊÑÁ¾Ñ¹¸ì¡Ñºá¹Ç¤Ô´à¤Ã×Í¢èÒ·ҧÊѧ¤Á (Related Theory)
Martin Kilduff áÅÐ Wenpin Tsai (2003 : 36-37) ä´é¨Óṡ¡ÅØèÁ§Ò¹ÇԨѷÕèãªéá¹Ç¤Ô´áÅзÄɮիÖè§ÁÕ¤ÇÒÁÊÑÁ¾Ñ¹¸ì¡Ñºá¹Ç¤Ô´à¤Ã×Í¢èÒ·ҧÊѧ¤Á à»ç¹¾×鹰ҹ㹡ÒÃÈÖ¡ÉÒÇԨѠ«Ö觾ºÇèÒÊÒÁÒö¨ÓṡÍÍ¡à»ç¹ 3 ¡ÅØèÁ ´Ñ§¹Õé
1. ¡ÅØèÁ§Ò¹ÇԨѷÕèãªé·ÄɮչÓà¢éÒ (Import Theories) à»ç¹·ÄɮշÕèËÂÔºÂ×ÁÁÒ¨Ò¡ÈÒʵÃìÊÒ¢ÒÍ×è¹ àªè¹ ¤³ÔµÈÒʵÃì áÅШԵÇÔ·ÂÒÊѧ¤Á ·ÄɮշÕè¹ÓÁÒ¨Ò¡¤³ÔµÈÒʵÃì ¤×Í ·ÄɮաÃÒ¿ (Graph theory) «Öè§à»ç¹¾×é¹°Ò¹¢Í§¡ÒÃÇÔ¨ÑÂã¹´éÒ¹¹ÕéÍÂèÒ§µèÍà¹×èͧ Êèǹ·ÄɮշÕè¹ÓÁÒ¨Ò¡ÈÒʵÃìÊÒ¢Ò¨ÔµÇÔ·ÂÒÊѧ¤Á ä´éá¡è ·ÄÉ®ÕÊÁ´ØÅ (Balance Theory) áÅзÄɮաÒÃà»ÃÕºà·Õº·Ò§Êѧ¤Á (Social Comparison Theory) â´Â·ÄÉ®ÕàËÅèÒ¹ÕéµèÒ§Áդسٻ¡ÒõèÍ¡Ãкǹ¡ÒÃÈÖ¡ÉÒà¤Ã×Í¢èÒ·ҧÊѧ¤Á 㹡ÅØèÁÊѧ¤Áã¹ÃٻẺ¢Í§Í§¤ì¡ÃµèÒ§æ
2. ¡ÅØèÁ§Ò¹ÇԨѷÕèãªé·ÄÉ®ÕàµÔºâµ¨Ò¡ÀÒÂã¹ (Home-grown Theories) ÊÒÁÒöáºè§ä´éà»ç¹ 2 ·ÄÉ®ÕËÅÑ¡ ä´éá¡è
(1) ·ÄÉ®Õ Heterophily Theory «Ö觡ÅèÒǶ֧á¹Ç¤Ô´´éÒ¹¨Ø´á¢ç§¢Í§¡ÒÃà¡ÒÐà¡ÕèÂǡѹÍÂèÒ§ËÅÇÁæ (The Strength of Weak Ties) áÅÐËÅØÁ¢Í§â¤Ã§ÊÃéÒ§ (Structure Hole)
(2) ·Äɮպ·ºÒ·àªÔ§â¤Ã§ÊÃéÒ§ (Structural Role Theory) «Ö觡ÅèÒǶ֧á¹Ç¤Ô´´éÒ¹¤ÇÒÁà·èÒà·ÕÂÁ¡Ñ¹·Ò§â¤Ã§ÊÃéÒ§ ¤ÇÒÁà˹ÕÂÇá¹è¹ã¹â¤Ã§ÊÃéÒ§ áÅФÇÒÁà·èÒà·ÕÂÁ¡Ñ¹ã¹º·ºÒ· «Ö觨ÐÊÒÁÒöÈÖ¡ÉÒãËéÃÙéä´éÇèÒ¼ÙéáÊ´§ (Actors) ã¹à¤Ã×Í¢èÒÂÁÕÍÔ·¸Ô¾ÅµèÍ·Ñȹ¤µÔáÅоĵԡÃÃÁ¢Í§¤¹Í×è¹ÍÂèÒ§äÃ
3. ¡ÅØèÁ§Ò¹ÇԨѷÕèÊè§ÍÍ¡ (Exportation) ä´éá¡è á¹Ç¤Ô´ àÃ×èͧ à¤Ã×Í¢èÒ (Network) ·Õèà»ç¹¼Å¼ÅÔµ·ÕèÊÃéÒ§¼Å»ÃÐ⪹ì·Ò§¤ÇÒÁÃÙéãËéá¡è¡ÅØèÁ·ÄÉ®Õͧ¤ì¡Ã â´Âãªé·ÄÉ®Õͧ¤ì¡Òà (Organization Theories) 㹡ÒÃÇÔà¤ÃÒÐËìáÅÐÊѧà¤ÃÒÐËìͧ¤ì¡ÒÃÀÒÂãµéÁØÁÁͧ¢Í§à¤Ã×Í¢èÒ·ҧÊѧ¤Á áÅÐÁÕ¡ÒÃÈÖ¡ÉҤ鹤ÇéÒ¡éÒÇä¡ÅÍÍ¡ä»à¾×èÍãËéàËç¹ÈÑ¡ÂÀÒ¾¢Í§¤ÇÒÁà¡ÕèÂǾѹÍÂèÒ§ÊÓ¤ÑÃÐËÇèÒ§·ÄÉ®Õͧ¤ì¡ÒÃáÅÐá¹Ç¤Ô´´éÒ¹à¤Ã×Í¢èÒ·ҧÊѧ¤Á «Öè§ã¹ÀÒ¤¸ØáԨä´é¹ÓÁÒãªéà¾×èÍÊÃéÒ§¤ÇÒÁà¢éÁá¢ç§ãËéá¡èͧ¤ì¡ÒÃã¹à¤Ã×Í¢èÒ áÅСÒÃÊÃéÒ§ÍÓ¹Ò¨¡ÒõèÍÃͧãËéá¡èͧ¤ì¡Òâͧµ¹ à¾×èÍÊÒÁÒö´Óà¹Ô¹¸ØáԨÍÂÙèãËéä´é·èÒÁ¡ÅÒ§¡ÒÃá¢è§¢Ñ¹·ÕèÊÙ§Áҡ㹻Ѩ¨ØºÑ¹
¨ÐàËç¹ä´éÇèÒ¡ÅØèÁ§Ò¹ÇԨѷÕèãªé·ÄɮշÑé§ÊÒÁ¡ÅØèÁ´Ñ§¡ÅèÒÇ à»ç¹¤ÇÒÁ¾ÂÒÂÒÁ·Õè¨Ð͸ԺÒÂÇèÒ¾×é¹°Ò¹·Ò§·ÄÉ®ÕàËÅèÒ¹Ñé¹ ÊÒÁÒö͸ԺÒ¶֧¤ÇÒÁÊÑÁ¾Ñ¹¸ìÃÐËÇèÒ§ºØ¤¤Å áÅÐÃÐËÇèÒ§ ͧ¤ì¡ÒÃÇèÒÁÕÅѡɳÐÍÂèÒ§äà àªè¹ ã¹¢³Ð·Õè·ÄɮչÓà¢éÒ (Import Theories) ¨Ð¡ÅèÒǶ֧¤ÇÒÁÊÑÁ¾Ñ¹¸ì (Relation) ËÃ×Í»¯ÔÊÑÁ¾Ñ¹¸ì (Interaction) ã¹ÃдѺ¨ØÅÀÒ¤ (Micro Level) ¢Í§»Ñ¨à¨¡ºØ¤¤Åà»ç¹ËÅÑ¡¹Ñé¹ ·ÄɮշÕèàµÔºâµ¢Ö鹨ҡÀÒÂã¹ (Home-grown Theories) ¡ÅѺÁØè§à¹é¹·Õè¨Ð´Óà¹Ô¹¡ÒÃ㹧ҹÇԨѷÑé§ÃдѺ¨ØÅÀÒ¤áÅÐÁËÀÒ¤ (Macro Level)
3. »ÃÐ⪹ì¡ÒÃãªé§Ò¹ (Implementations)
¡ÅèÒÇä´éÇèÒ㹻Ѩ¨ØºÑ¹ ͧ¤ì¤ÇÒÁÃÙé¢Í§á¹Ç¤Ô´à¤Ã×Í¢èÒ·ҧÊѧ¤Á (Social Network) ä´é¶Ù¡ãªé㹡ÒÃÈÖ¡ÉÒÇÔ¨ÑÂà¡ÕèÂǡѺ¡ÒÃÇÔà¤ÃÒÐËìà¤Ã×Í¢èÒ·ҧÊѧ¤Á (Social Network Analysis) ¡ÒÃÊÃéÒ§µÑǵ¹¢Í§à¤Ã×Í¢èÒ¡ÒÃáÅ¡à»ÅÕè¹àªÔ§ºÙóҡÒà (Integrated Exchange Forming) ÃÇÁ件֧¡ÒÃÈÖ¡ÉÒÍÓ¹Ò¨áÅСÒþÖè§¾Ò (Power and Dependence) ÀÒÂã¹à¤Ã×Í¢èÒ â´ÂÊèǹãËèáÅéǹѡÇԨѼÙéÁØè§ÈÖ¡ÉÒÊѧ¤Áâ´ÂÍÒÈÑÂá¹Ç¤Ô´¹ÕéÁÑ¡¨ÐàÃÔèÁµé¹¨Ò¡»ÃÒ¡¯¡Òóì¨Ãԧ㹾×é¹·Õè áÅÐÇÔà¤ÃÒÐËì Êѧà¤ÃÒÐËìà¾×èÍãËéàËç¹áººá¼¹ áÅСÃкǹ¡Ò÷ӧҹ¢Í§à¤Ã×Í¢èÒÂàªÔ§·ÄÉ®ÕáÅÐàªÔ§»ÃШѡÉì ·ÓãËéä´éÃèͧÃÍ¢ͧ¤ÇÒÁÊÑÁ¾Ñ¹¸ìÃÐËÇèÒ§»Ñ¨à¨¡ºØ¤¤Å áÅÐͧ¤ì¡Ã·Õè·Ó§Ò¹ÃèÇÁ¡Ñ¹à¾×èÍÁØè§ÊÙèà»éÒËÁÒÂà´ÕÂǡѹã¹ÃÙ»¢Í§à¤Ã×Í¢èÒÂÁÒ¡¢Öé¹
ÊÓËÃѺ¹Ñ¡·ÄÉ®Õà¤Ã×Í¢èÒµèÒ§»ÃÐà·È¨ÐãËé¤ÇÒÁʹ㨵èͤÇÒÁàª×èÍÁâ§ÃÐËÇèÒ§ºØ¤¤Å ¡ÅØèÁ áÅÐͧ¤ì¡Òà ÇèÒà»ç¹¡ÒáÃзÓã¹ÅѡɳТͧ¤ÇÒÁÊÑÁ¾Ñ¹¸ìÃдѺºØ¤¤Å¢Öé¹ä» â¤Ã§ÊÃéÒ§·Õèà»ç¹ÃÙ»¸ÃÃÁ º·ºÒ·ã¹¡ÒÃàª×èÍÁ⧢ͧâ¤Ã§ÊÃéÒ§·Ò§Êѧ¤ÁÍÂÙèÀÒÂãµé»Ñ¨à¨¡ºØ¤¤ÅËÃ×Í¡ÅØèÁ¤¹ ·Ñ駹Õé¢Öé¹ÍÂÙè¡Ñº¤ÇÒÁÊÒÁÒö㹡ÒÃà¢éÒ¶Ö§·ÃѾÂҡ÷ÕèÁդس¤èÒ ·Ñ駷ÃѾÂìÊÔ¹ ÍÓ¹Ò¨áÅТéÍÁÙÅ·ÕèᵡµèÒ§¡Ñ¹ «Ö觨ÐÁÕÍÂÙèã¹µÑǻѨਡºØ¤Å ¡ÅØèÁ ͧ¤ì¡ÒõèÒ§æ ã¹Êѧ¤Á ¡ÒÃáÅ¡à»ÅÕè¹ áºè§»Ñ¹·ÃѾÂҡè֧à¡Ô´¢Öé¹ ¼èÒ¹¡Ãкǹ¡ÒÃà¤Ã×Í¢èÒÂ
¹Í¡¨Ò¡¹Õé Jason Ethier ä´éÃǺÃÇÁá¹Ç·Ò§¡ÒÃãªé»ÃÐ⪹ìá¹Ç¤Ô´à¤Ã×Í¢èÒ·ҧÊѧ¤Á (Social Network) ÊÃØ»ä´é ´Ñ§¹Õé (Ethier, 2006 ¤é¹¨Ò¡ http://www.ccs.neu.edu/home/ perrolle/archive/Ethier-SocialNetworks.html àÁ×èÍÇѹ·Õè 3 ¡Ñ¹ÂÒ¹ 2551)
1. ¡ÒÃãªé¤ÇÒÁÃÙéà¡ÕèÂǡѺà¤Ã×Í¢èÒÂÁ¹ØÉÂì (Knowledge of Human Networks) 㹡ÒûÃÐÂØ¡µì¡Ñº¡ÒÃÍ͡Ẻà¤Ã×Í¢èÒ¤ÍÁ¾ÔÇàµÍÃì (The Design of Computer Networks) â´Âà»ÃÕºà·Õº¡Ô¨¡ÃÃÁ¡ÒÃáÅ¡à»ÅÕ蹢ͧÁ¹ØÉÂìã¹àÃ×èͧ¢Í§ÊÒÃʹà·È (Information) ¤ÇÒÁÃÙé (Knowledge) ¤ÇÒÁ¤Ô´ (Ideas) µÅÍ´¨¹·Ñȹ¤µÔ (Opinions)
2. ¡ÒÃãªéá¹Ç¤Ô´à¤Ã×Í¢èÒ·ҧÊѧ¤Á 㹡ÒÃÇÔ¨ÑÂàªÔ§ÊØ¢ÀÒ¾ÊèǹºØ¤¤Å (Personal Health) â´Â੾ÒлÃÐà´ç¹¢Í§¡ÒÃÊÃéÒ§à¤Ã×Í¢èÒ¡ÒÃÁÕÊèǹÃèÇÁ·Ò§Êѧ¤Á (Participation Social Network) 㹡ÒÃÃÑ¡ÉÒÊØ¢ÀÒ¾ ·Ñé§ã¹ÃдѺÊèǹºØ¤¤Å 仨¹¶Ö§ªØÁª¹ áÅÐÊѧ¤Áâ´ÂÃÇÁ
3. ¡ÒÃãªéá¹Ç¤Ô´à¤Ã×Í¢èÒ·ҧÊѧ¤Á㹡ÒÃÇԨѵÅÒ´ (Marketing Research) «Ö觨ÐÊÒÁÒöÊÃéÒ§¼Å¡ÓäèӹǹÁËÒÈÒÅá¡è˹èǸØáԨ à¹×èͧ¨Ò¡¡ÒÃÈÖ¡ÉÒà¤Ã×Í¢èÒÂÊѧ¤Á (Social Networks) áÅÐẺἹ¤ÇÒÁÊÑÁ¾Ñ¹¸ì (Patterns of Relationship) ¨Ð·ÓãËé·ÃÒº¶Ö§á¹Ç·Ò§ã¹¡ÒþѲ¹ÒÊÔ¹¤éÒáÅкÃÔ¡Òà à¾×è͵ͺʹͧ¤ÇÒÁµÍ§¡ÒâͧÊÁÒªÔ¡ã¹à¤Ã×Í¢èÒ·ҧÊѧ¤Á¹Ñé¹æ
4. ¡ÒÃãªéá¹Ç¤Ô´à¤Ã×Í¢èÒ·ҧÊѧ¤Á㹡ÒÃÇԨѪØÁª¹Í͹äŹì (Online Community) º¹ÃкºÍÔ¹àµÍÃìà¹çµ â´ÂµÑÇÍÂèÒ§§Ò¹ÇԨѷÕèÁÕª×èÍàÊÕ§áÅÐä´éÃѺ¡ÒáÅèÒÇ¢ÇÑà»ç¹ÍÂèÒ§ÁÒ¡ ¤×Í ¼Å¡ÒÃÈÖ¡ÉÒ Club Nexus ¢Í§¹Ñ¡ÇԨѨҡ Stanford University
5. µÑÇÍÂèÒ§¡ÒûÃÐÂØ¡µìãªéá¹Ç¤Ô´ã¹¡ÒÃÈÖ¡ÉÒÇԨѠ(Example of Concept Applied in Study and Research)
à¾×èÍãËéàËç¹¼ÅÔµÀÒ¾¢Í§á¹Ç¤Ô´à¤Ã×Í¢èÒ·ҧÊѧ¤Á (Social Network) 㹡ÒÃÈÖ¡ÉÒÇԨѠã¹àÇ·ÕÇÔªÒ¡Òà (Academic Stage) 㹻Ѩ¨ØºÑ¹ ¼Ùéà¢Õ¹¨Ö§¢Í¹Óàʹͼŧҹ¡ÒÃÈÖ¡ÉÒÇԨѷÑ駢ͧ¹Ñ¡ÇԨѪÒÇä·ÂáÅеèÒ§»ÃÐà·È «Öè§ËÅÒÂËÅÒ¡ÊÒ¢Ò ´Ñ§¹Õé
»ÃЪÒÊÃäì áʹÀÑ¡´Õ (2549 : º·¤Ñ´ÂèÍ) ·Ó¡ÒÃÈÖ¡ÉÒ àÃ×èͧ ¡ÒèѴ¡ÒäÇÒÁÃÙé¢Í§à¤Ã×Í¢èÒ·ҧÊѧ¤Áà¾×èÍ¡ÒäØéÁ¤Ãͧ¼ÙéºÃÔâÀ¤´éÒ¹ÊØ¢ÀÒ¾ ¾ºÇèÒ ÃٻẺ¡ÒèѴ¡ÒäÇÒÁÃÙé »ÃСͺ´éÇ 4 ¢Ñ鹵͹ ¤×Í (1) ¡ÒÃÊÃéÒ§¼Ñ§à¤Ã×Í¢èÒ (Network Mapping) (2) ¡ÒèѴ·Óá¼¹·Õè¤ÇÒÁÃÙé (3) ¡ÒúÃÔËÒäÇÒÁÃÙé áÅÐ (4) ¡ÒÃÊÃØ»º·àÃÕ¹ÃèÇÁ¡Ñ¹¢Í§à¤Ã×Í¢èÒÂ
à¡ÉÁÈÒ¹µì ªÑÂÈÔÅ»ì (2548 : º·¤Ñ´ÂèÍ) ·Ó¡ÒÃÈÖ¡ÉÒ àÃ×èͧ ¡ÒþѲ¹Òà¤Ã×Í¢èÒ¡ÒèѴ¡Ò÷ÃѾÂҡøÃÃÁªÒµÔáÅÐÊÔè§áÇ´ÅéÍÁ¢Í§àÂÒǪ¹ ¾ºÇèÒ ¡ÒþѲ¹Òà¤Ã×Í¢èÒÂÁÕͧ¤ì»ÃСͺÊÓ¤Ñ 5 »ÃСÒà ä´éá¡è (1) ¡ÒÃÁÕ»¯ÔÊÑÁ¾Ñ¹¸ìÃÐËÇèÒ§ÊÁÒªÔ¡ (2) ¡Òû¯ÔºÑµÔ¡Ô¨¡ÃÃÁÃèÇÁ¡Ñ¹ (3) ¡ÒöèÒ·ʹ¢éÍÁÙŢͧà¤Ã×Í¢èÒÂãËé¼ÙéÍ×è¹ÃѺÃÙé (4) ¡ÒÃÊÃÃËҺؤ¤Åà¢éÒÃèÇÁ áÅÐ (5) ¡ÒèѴËÒ·ÃѾÂÒ¡Ã㹡ÒôÓà¹Ô¹§Ò¹
ÈÔÃÔ¾§Éì ºØ¶Ù¡ (2544 : º·¤Ñ´ÂèÍ) ·Ó¡ÒÃÈÖ¡ÉÒ àÃ×èͧ ¡ÒÃÈÖ¡ÉÒà¤Ã×Í¢èÒ·ҧÊѧ¤Á㹡Ԩ¡ÃÃÁ¡Ò÷ʹ¼éÒ»èҢͧÊѧ¤ÁÍÕÊÒ¹ ¾ºÇèÒ à¤Ã×Í¢èÒ·ҧÊѧ¤ÁÁÕ¤ÇÒÁÊÑÁ¾Ñ¹¸ì¡Ñº¡Ô¨¡ÃÃÁ¡Ò÷ʹ¼éÒ»èҢͧÊѧ¤ÁÍÕÊÒ¹ ÍÂèÒ§ÁÕ¹ÑÂÊÓ¤Ñ·Ò§Ê¶ÔµÔ ·ÕèÃдѺ .05
Piet Verhoeven (2008 : Abstract) ·Ó¡ÒÃÈÖ¡ÉÒ àÃ×èͧ Who’s in and who’s out? Studying the Effects of Communication Management on Social Cohesion â´ÂÁÕà»éÒËÁÒ·Õè¨ÐÈÖ¡ÉҼšÃзº¢Í§¡ÒèѴ¡ÒáÒÃÊ×èÍÊÒõèÍ¡ÒÃÂÖ´à˹ÕèÂǢͧÊѧ¤Á ã¹ÃдѺÊèǹºØ¤¤Å ¡ÅØèÁ áÅÐÊѧ¤Á â´ÂãªéËÅÑ¡¡ÒáÒÃàª×èÍÁµèÍÃÐËÇèÒ§¡ÒèѴ¡ÒáÒÃÊ×èÍÊÒÃáÅСÒÃÂÖ´à˹ÕèÂÇ·Ò§Êѧ¤Á ¡ÒÃÃÇÁ¡Ñ¹à»ç¹¡ÅØèÁ â´Âãªé·ÄÉ®Õà¤Ã×Í¢èÒ¼Ùé¡ÃзӡÒà áÅÐà·¤¹Ô¤ÀÒ¾àËÁ×͹¨ÃÔ§à¡ÕèÂǡѺ¡ÒÃÇÔà¤ÃÒÐËì
Verna Allee (2008 : Abstract) ·Ó¡ÒÃÈÖ¡ÉÒ àÃ×èͧ Value Network Analysis and Value Conversion of Tangible and Intangible Assets â´ÂÁըش»ÃÐʧ¤ìà¾×èͨѴàµÃÕÂÁµÑÇÍÂèÒ§áÅÐÃÒÂÅÐàÍÕ´·Ò§à·¤¹Ô¤ÊÓËÃѺ¡ÒÃÇÔà¤ÃÒÐËìà¤Ã×Í¢èÒÂàªÔ§¤Ø³¤èÒ ¢Í§¡ÒÃá»Å§áÅÐ ãªé»ÃÐ⪹ìã¹·ÃѾÂìÊÔ¹·ÕèÊÑÁ¼ÑÊäÁèä´é â´Â¡ÒáÒÃÇÔà¤ÃÒÐËìà¤Ã×Í¢èÒ´éÇÂâ»Ãá¡ÃÁ·Õè¾Ñ²¹Ò¢Öé¹ã¹»Õ 1993 áÅлÃѺ»ÃØ§ã¹»Õ 1997 ÊÓËÃѺ¡ÒèѴ¡Ò÷ÃѾÂìÊÔ¹ÊÑÁ¼ÑÊäÁèä´é ·Ó¡Ò÷´Êͺ¡ÅØèÁµÑÇÍÂèÒ§·Õèà»ç¹ÃéÒ¹¤éÒ仨¹¶Ö§àǺ¸ØáԨ áÅÐ˹èÇ·ҧàÈÃÉ°ÈÒʵÃìÍ×è¹æ
Helle Neergaard, Eleanor Shaw áÅÐ Sara Carter (2005 : Abstract) ·Ó¡ÒÃÈÖ¡ÉÒ àÃ×èͧ The Impact of Gender, Social Capital and Networks on Business Ownership: A Research Agenda â´ÂÁըش»ÃÐʧ¤ìà¾×èÍÈÖ¡ÉÒà¡ÕèÂǡѺ¼Å¡Ãзº¢Í§à¾ÈÊÀÒÇÐ ·Ø¹·Ò§Êѧ¤ÁáÅÐà¤Ã×Í¢èÒ¢ͧ à¨éҢͧ¸ØáԨ â´Â¾Ô¨ÒóҨҡ¤ÇÒÁÊÑÁ¾Ñ¹¸ìÃÐËÇèÒ§à¤Ã×Í¢èÒ·ҧÊѧ¤Á â´Âãªé·ÄÉ®Õà¤Ã×Í¢èÒÂ㹡ÒÃÊÃéÒ§µÑÇẺ
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ÊÃØ» (Conclusion)
¨Ò¡·Õè¡ÅèÒÇÁÒ·Ñé§ËÁ´¨ÐàËç¹ä´éÇèÒ á¹Ç¤Ô´à¤Ã×Í¢èÒ·ҧÊѧ¤Á (Social Network Concept) ÁվѲ¹Ò¡ÒÃÁÒ¨Ò¡¾×é¹°Ò¹¢Í§·ÄɮաÒÃáÅ¡à»ÅÕè¹ (Exchange Theory) â´ÂÁÕËÅÑ¡¡Ò÷ÕèÇèÒ ã¹à¤Ã×Í¢èÒÂÊѧ¤Á¨Ð»ÃСͺ仴éǺؤ¤Å·ÕèÁÕ¤ÇÒÁÊÑÁ¾Ñ¹¸ì«Ö觡ѹáÅСѹ µÒÁº·ºÒ·ËÃ×Í˹éÒ·Õè·ÕèáµèÅФ¹ËÃ×ͤÙè¤ÇÒÁÊÑÁ¾Ñ¹¸ìÁÕÍÂÙè «Öè§áµèÅФ¹¹Ñé¹ÁÔä´éÁÕà¾Õ§º·ºÒ·à´ÕÂÇ ËÒ¡áµèÁÕËÅÒº·ºÒ··Õè¨ÐµéͧÊÇÁ㹪ÕÇÔµ»ÃШÓÇѹ ºØ¤¤ÅäÁèà¾Õ§áµè·ÓµÒÁº·ºÒ·Ë¹éÒ·Õè·Õè¤Ò´ËÇѧã¹Êѧ¤Á ËÃ×͵ÒÁºÃ÷Ѵ°Ò¹·Õèä´éÃѺ¡ÒöèÒ·ʹÁÒà·èÒ¹Ñé¹ áµè¤ÇÒÁÊÑÁ¾Ñ¹¸ìÃÐËÇèÒ§ºØ¤¤ÅÂѧ¢Öé¹ÍÂÙ躹¾×é¹°Ò¹¢Í§¡ÒÃÃѺÃÙéáÅСÒõѴÊÔ¹ã¨ã¹¡ÒÃáÅ¡à»ÅÕ蹫Ö觡ѹáÅСѹ ·Ñé§ã¹´éÒ¹Çѵ¶ØáÅзҧ´éÒ¹¨Ôµã¨ 㹻Ѩ¨ØºÑ¹Ê¶Ò¹ÀҾͧ¤ì¤ÇÒÁÃÙé¢Í§á¹Ç¤Ô´¹Õéä´é¶Ù¡ãªé㹡ÒÃÈÖ¡ÉÒÇÔ¨ÑÂà¡ÕèÂǡѺ¡ÒÃÇÔà¤ÃÒÐËìà¤Ã×Í¢èÒ·ҧÊѧ¤Á ¡ÒÃÊÃéÒ§µÑǵ¹¢Í§à¤Ã×Í¢èÒ¡ÒÃáÅ¡à»ÅÕè¹àªÔ§ºÙóҡÒÃ
ÍÂèÒ§äáçµÒÁáÁéÇèÒ¡ÒÃÇÔà¤ÃÒÐËìà¤Ã×Í¢èÒÂÊѧ¤Á ¨ÐªèÇÂãËéàÃÒà¢éÒ㨶֧¤ÇÒÁÊÑÁ¾Ñ¹¸ì·ÕèÁÕÍÂÙèã¹Êѧ¤Á Íѹ¹Óä»ÊÙè¤ÇÒÁà¢éÒã¨à¡ÕèÂǡѺ¡ÅØèÁ·ÕèäÁèà»ç¹·Ò§¡Òà (Informal Group) ͧ¤ì¡Ã·Ò§Êѧ¤Á (Social Organization) áÅÐâ¤Ã§ÊÃéÒ§·Ò§Êѧ¤Á (Social Structure) ÅѡɳФÇÒÁÊÑÁ¾Ñ¹¸ì·Õèà¡Ô´¢Ö鹴ѧ¡ÅèÒÇ ÊÒÁÒö¹ÓÁÒãªé͸ԺÒ¾ĵԡÃÃÁ¢Í§ºØ¤¤Åä´é áµè㹻Ѩ¨ØºÑ¹¤ÇÒÁÃÙéà¡ÕèÂǡѺá¹Ç¤ÇÒÁ¤Ô´àÃ×èͧà¤Ã×Í¢èÒ·ҧÊѧ¤Á áÅСÒÃÇÔà¤ÃÒÐËìà¤Ã×Í¢èÒÂÊѧ¤Áã¹»ÃÐà·Èä·ÂÂѧ¤§ÍÂÙèã¹Ç§¨Ó¡Ñ´ ÂѧÁÔä´é¹ÓàÍÒÇÔ¸Õ¡ÒÃÇÔà¤ÃÒÐËìà¤Ã×Í¢èÒ·ҧÊѧ¤ÁÁÒãªé͸ԺÒ¾ĵԡÃÃÁµèÒ§æ·Ò§Êѧ¤Áà·èÒ·Õè¤Çà ·ÓãËé¢Ò´¤ÇÒÁà¢éÒ㨶֧¡Ãкǹ¡ÒõèÒ§æ ÍÕ¡ÁÒ¡·Õèà¡Ô´¢Öé¹ã¹Êѧ¤Á ´Ñ§¹Ñé¹ ËÒ¡à¢éÒ㨶֧ÇÔ¸Õ¡ÒÃÈÖ¡ÉÒÇÔà¤ÃÒÐËìà¤Ã×Í¢èÒÂÊѧ¤ÁáÅéÇ àÃÒÊÒÁÒö·Õè¨Ð¹ÓÁÒãªé͸ԺÒ¾ĵԡÃÃÁµèÒ§æ ·Õèà¡Ô´¢Öé¹ã¹Êѧ¤Áä´é äÁè੾ÒÐáµè¾ÄµÔ¡ÃÃÁ·Ò§´éҹ㴴éҹ˹Öè§à·èÒ¹Ñé¹ áµèà»ç¹¾ÄµÔ¡ÃÃÁ·Ø¡´éÒ¹·Õèà¡Ô´¢Öé¹ã¹Êѧ¤Á àªè¹ ¡ÒÃÈÖ¡ÉÒà¡ÕèÂǡѺà¤Ã×Í¢èÒ¢ͧáç§Ò¹ÂéÒ¶Ôè¹¢éÒÁªÒµÔ ¡ÒÃÈÖ¡ÉÒÍÔ·¸Ô¾Å¢Í§à¤Ã×Í¢èÒªØÁª¹·ÕèÁռŵèÍ¡ÒÃÃÑ¡ÉÒÇѲ¹¸ÃÃÁ·éͧ¶Ôè¹ à»ç¹µé¹
àÍ¡ÊÒÃÍéÒ§ÍÔ§ (Reference)
ÀÒÉÒä·Â
à¡ÃÕ§ÈÑ¡´Ôì à¨ÃÔǧÈìÈÑ¡´Ôì. (2543). ¡ÒèѴ¡ÒÃà¤Ã×Í¢èÒ : ¡ÅÂØ·¸ìÊÓ¤ÑÊÙè¤ÇÒÁÊÓàÃ稢ͧ¡Òû¯ÔÃÙ»¡ÒÃÈÖ¡ÉÒ. ¡ÃØ§à·¾Ï : ºÃÔÉÑ· «Ñ¤à«ÊÁÕà´Õ ¨Ó¡Ñ´.
à¡ÉÁÈÒ¹µì ªÑÂÈÔÅ»ì. (2548). ¡ÒþѲ¹Òà¤Ã×Í¢èÒ¡ÒèѴ¡Ò÷ÃѾÂҡøÃÃÁªÒµÔáÅÐÊÔè§áÇ´ÅéÍÁ¢Í§àÂÒǪ¹. ÇÔ·ÂÒ¹Ô¾¹¸ì»ÃÔÒÈÔÅ»ÈÒʵÃÁËҺѳ±Ôµ ÊÒ¢ÒÊѧ¤ÁÇÔ·ÂÒ¡ÒþѲ¹Ò ºÑ³±ÔµÇÔ·ÂÒÅÑ ÁËÒÇÔ·ÂÒÅÑ¢͹á¡è¹.
¨ÔÃÒÅÑ¡É³ì ¨§Ê¶ÔµÁÑè¹. (2549). Êѧ¤Áʧà¤ÃÒÐËì¡ÅØèÁª¹. ¡ÃØ§à·¾Ï : Êӹѡ¾ÔÁ¾ìÁËÒÇÔ·ÂÒÅѸÃÃÁÈÒʵÃì
¹ÄÁÅ ¹ÔÃÒ·Ã. (2543). ¡ÒÃÊÃéÒ§à¤Ã×Í¢èÒ¡Ò÷ӧҹ : ¢éͤÇþԨÒóҺҧ»ÃСÒÃ. ¡ÃØ§à·¾Ï : â¤Ã§¡ÒÃÃÐËÇèÒ§»ÃÐà·ÈÇèÒ´éÇ¡Òâ¨Ñ´»ÑËÒ¡ÒÃãªéáç§Ò¹à´ç¡.
»ÃЪÒÊÃäì áʹÀÑ¡´Õ. (2549). ¡ÒèѴ¡ÒäÇÒÁÃÙé¢Í§à¤Ã×Í¢èÒ·ҧÊѧ¤Áà¾×èÍ¡ÒäØéÁ¤Ãͧ¼ÙéºÃÔâÀ¤´éÒ¹ÊØ¢ÀÒ¾. ÇÔ·ÂÒ¹Ô¾¹¸ì»ÃÔÒÈÔÅ»ÈÒʵôØɮպѳ±Ôµ ÊÒ¢ÒÇԪҾѲ¹ÈÒʵÃì ºÑ³±ÔµÇÔ·ÂÒÅÑ ÁËÒÇÔ·ÂÒÅÑ¢͹á¡è¹.
»ÒÃÔªÒµÔ Ê¶Ò»ÔµÒ¹¹·ì áÅЪÑÂÇѲ¹ì ¶ÔÃоѹ¸ì. (2546). Ê×èÍÊÒáѺÊѧ¤Áà¤Ã×Í¢èÒÂ. ¡ÃØ§à·¾Ï : ʶҺѹªØÁª¹·éͧ¶Ô蹾Ѳ¹Ò.
¾ÃÐÁËÒÊØ·ÔµÂì ÍÒÀÒ¡âÃ. (2547). à¤Ã×Í¢èÒ : ¸ÃÃÁªÒµÔ ¤ÇÒÁÃÙé áÅСÒèѴ¡ÒÃ. ¡ÃØ§à·¾Ï : â¤Ã§¡ÒÃàÊÃÔÁÊÃéÒ§¡ÒÃàÃÕ¹ÃÙéà¾×èͪØÁª¹à»ç¹ÊØ¢.
ÈÔÃÔ¾§Éì ºØ¶Ù¡. (2544). ¡ÒÃÈÖ¡ÉÒà¤Ã×Í¢èÒ·ҧÊѧ¤Á㹡Ԩ¡ÃÃÁ¡Ò÷ʹ¼éÒ»èҢͧÊѧ¤ÁÍÕÊÒ¹. ÇÔ·ÂÒ¹Ô¾¹¸ì»ÃÔÒÈÔÅ»ÈÒʵÃÁËҺѳ±Ôµ ÊÒ¢Òä·ÂÈÖ¡ÉÒ ÁËÒÇÔ·ÂÒÅÑÂÃÒÁ¤Óá˧.
ÊØà·¾ Êع·ÃàÀÊѪ. (2540). ·ÄÉ®ÕÊѧ¤ÁÇÔ·ÂÒÃèÇÁÊÁÑÂ. àªÕ§ãËÁè : ºÃÔÉÑ· Êӹѡ¾ÔÁ¾ì â¡ÅºÍÅÇÔªÑè¹ ¨Ó¡Ñ´.
ÊÑÒ ÊÑÒÇÔÇѲ¹ì. (2550). ·ÄÉ®ÕÊѧ¤ÁÇÔ·ÂÒ à¹×éÍËÒáÅÐá¹Ç¡ÒÃãªé»ÃÐ⪹ìàº×éͧµé¹. ¾ÔÁ¾ì¤ÃÑ駷Õè 12. ¡ÃØ§à·¾Ï : Êӹѡ¾ÔÁ¾ìáË觨ØÌÒŧ¡Ã³ìÁËÒÇÔ·ÂÒÅÑÂ.
ÀÒÉÒÍѧ¡ÄÉ
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Website
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exchange_theory
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Caspar_Homans
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Blau
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_network
http://rirs3.royin.go.th/
http://www.annualreviews.org/aronline
http://www.ccs.neu.edu/home/perrolle/archive/Ethier-SocialNetworks.html
http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O88-exchangetheory.html
http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O88-network.html
http://www.socialnetworktheory.com/
http://www.sociosite.net/topics/texts/homans.php